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{{Short description|Species of bacterium}}
= ''Cloacibacillus evryensis'' =
{{Speciesbox
| taxon = Cloacibacillus evryensis
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'''''Cloacibacillus evryensis''''' is a [[Gram-negative]], [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]], [[mesophilic]], [[rod-shaped]] and non-motile bacterium from the genus of ''[[Cloacibacillus]]'' which has been isolated from [[sewage sludge]] from a [[wastewater treatment plant]] from [[Evry]] in [[France]].<ref name=Cloacibacillus-evryensis/><ref name=UniProt/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Parker |first1=Charles Thomas |last2=Garrity |first2=George M |editor1-first=Charles Thomas |editor1-last=Parker |editor2-first=George M |editor2-last=Garrity |title=Taxonomic Abstract for the species. |date=1 August 2008 |doi=10.1601/tx.13700 |publisher=NamesforLife, LLC |doi-broken-date=2024-04-17 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Details: DSM-19522 |website=www.dsmz.de |url=https://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/DSM-19522.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ganesan |first1=A |last2=Chaussonnerie |first2=S |last3=Tarrade |first3=A |last4=Dauga |first4=C |last5=Bouchez |first5=T |last6=Pelletier |first6=E |last7=Le Paslier |first7=D |last8=Sghir |first8=A |title=Cloacibacillus evryensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel asaccharolytic, mesophilic, amino-acid-degrading bacterium within the phylum 'Synergistetes', isolated from an anaerobic sludge digester. |journal=International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology |date=September 2008 |volume=58 |issue=Pt 9 |pages=2003–12 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.65645-0 |pmid=18768595|doi-access=free }}</ref>
== Taxonomy ==
''Cloacibacillus evryensis'' is part of the genus ''[[Cloacibacillus]]'', and was first proposed and published in 2008. There are 12 genera in the phyulm: ''[[Aminiphilus]], [[Aminobacterium]], [[Aminomonas]], Anaerobaculum, [[Cloacibacillus]], Dethiosulfovibrio, [[Fretibacterium]], [[Jonquetella]], [[Pyramidobacter]], Synergistes, [[Thermanaerovibrio]], and [[Thermovirga]]''. The only other described neighbor within the genus is ''C. porcorum'' which was discovered in the intestinal tract of a pig. A genome comparison has found a 90% similarity between the two species.
== Discovery ==
''Cloacibacillus evryensis'' was discovered in a wastewater treatment plant in Évry, France and first described by researchers on September 1, 2008. The specific location of the isolate was a [[mesophilic anaerobic]] digester with working parameters of 33 °C, a [[pH]] of 7.2 and a retention time of 37.5 days.
=== Isolation ===
Isolation was done using the Hungate technique with an enrichment medium containing contents such as [[Monopotassium phosphate|KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>]], [[Dipotassium phosphate|K<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>]], [[Sodium chloride|NaCl]], [[Sulfate|SO<sub>4</sub>]], [[sodium citrate]], [[yeast extract]], [[Casamino acid|Casamino acids]] and [[Trace element|trace elements]]. After inoculation of the sample, the enrichments were incubated at 33 °C in [[Anaerobic condition|anaerobic conditions]] and transferred periodically onto fresh medium. Growth was detected after 5-7 days and another isolation of the sample was inoculated onto a fresh enrichment medium and grown in [[anaerobic]] jars at 33 °C and 2 atm pressure. ''Cloacibacillus evryensis'' was one of the purified strains that was isolated from the sample.
== Morphology ==
''Cloacibacillus evryensis'' is a [[Gram-negative bacteria|Gram-negative]] [[Non-motile bacteria|nonmotile]] organism with rod shaped cells that are commonly seen as [[Diplococcus|diplococci]]. The rod-shaped bacterium is usually 2.0-3.0 μm by 0.8-1.0 μm and typically appears as light brown or transparent. A typical colony occurs individually or in pairs, with older cells forming chains of colonies.
== Genomics ==
''Cloacibacillus evryensis'' 158 has a DNA [[GC-content|G+C content]] of 55.95%. It has a total number of 3142 [[Gene|genes]] with 3072 of those genes being [[Human genome|protein coding]]. There are 70 [[RNA]] genes: 15 [[Ribosomal RNA|rRNA]] (5 [[5S ribosomal RNA|5s rRNA]], 5 [[16S ribosomal RNA|16s rRNA]], 5 23s rRNA) 48 [[Transfer RNA|tRNA]], and 8 others.
== Physiology ==
''Cloacibacillus evryensis'' is a [[mesophile]] that can grow in temperature conditions of 20-50 °C and between pH values of 6.5-10.0. The optimal growth conditions for ''C. evryenis'' are 37-40 °C and a pH 7.0, and the growth is enhanced by [[yeast extract]]. Under the latter conditions, the doubling time of the organism on [[Casamino acid]] medium is 15 hours. Cultures grown in Casamino medium between 0.1-2.0% weight per volume concentrations of NaCl observed growth up to 0.07% NaCl; at any higher concentration, growth is inhibited.
== Metabolism ==
''Cloacibacillus evryensis'' is a [[Chemotroph|chemoheterotroph]] that normally degrades [[Amino acid|amino acids]] but can also use [[mucin]] as a [[Carbon source (biology)|carbon source]]. It can ferment [[lysine]], [[histidine]], [[serine]], and [[arginine]] to produce [[acetate]], [[Propionic acid|propionate]], [[Butyric acid|butyrate]], [[Valeric acid|valerate]], [[Hydrogen|H<sub>2</sub>]] and [[Carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]], with [[acetate]] and [[Butyric acid|butryrate]] being produced in the greatest amounts.
== Importance ==
''Cloacibacillus evryensis'' is a recently discovered bacteria and it also belongs to a new genus, ''[[Cloacibacillus]]'', with only two identified members: ''C. evryensis'' and ''C. porcorum''. The characterization of this organism contributes to the genus and provides further information about its features.
Recent studies have isolated C. evryensis from human soft tissue, blood, and [[peritoneal fluid]] samples, identifying it as a possible agent that may cause illness in humans. In four different case studies, ''C. evryensis'' in the bloodstream was found to cause symptoms of fever, vomiting, bleeding from the rectum, and pain associated with elimination of bowel control. In each patient, multiple tests were performed to determine the cause of the symptoms prior to finding out that the cause was this bacteria. Strain 158 is susceptible to and can be treated with [[Penicillin]], [[Ampicillin]] and [[Kanamycin A|Kanamycin]], but it was resistant to [[Vancomycin]]. In the human case studies, the strain was also susceptible to [[Clindamycin]], [[Cefoxitin]], [[Meropenem]], [[Metronidazole]], and [[Piperacillin/tazobactam|Piperacillin-tazobactam]], but resistant to Vancomycin. This data raises concerns about future [[Antimicrobial resistance|antibiotic resistance]] development. However, these cases suggest that the bacteria may be low-virulence and may be a larger threat to elderly and [[Immunodeficiency|immunocompromised]] populations. Further research is being done to understand its role as a human [[pathogen]].
==References==
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