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{{Redirect|Breakdance}}
{{Redirect|B-girl}}
{{Redirect|B boy|other uses|B Boy (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox dance
|title = Breaking/Bboying
|image = Breakdancer - Faneuil Hall.jpg
|imagesize =
|alt =
|caption = A breakdancer performing outside [[Faneuil Hall]], Boston, United States
|genre = [[Hip-hop dance]]
|signature =
|inventor = Street dancers
|year = Early 1970s
|origin = New York City
}}
[[File:The guys break dancing in the street near the mall.webm|thumb|Breaking in the street, 2013]]
[[File:A_breakdancer_performing_in_Cologne,_2017_(2_of_2).jpg|thumb|A breakdancer standing on his head in Cologne, Germany, 2017]]
'''Breaking''', also called '''b-boying''', '''b-girling''' or '''breakdancing''', is a style of [[street dance]] developed by [[African Americans|African American]] and [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] communities in [[The Bronx]], [[New York City]], United States.
Breakdancing consists mainly of four kinds of movement—[[toprock]], [[downrock]], [[power move]]s, and [[Freeze (b-boy move)|freezes]]—and is typically set to songs containing drum [[Break (music)|breaks]], especially in [[funk]], [[soul music|soul]], and [[hip-hop music|hip-hop]]. Its modern dance elements originated among the poor youth of New York during the early 1970s.<ref name="Chang 2007 58–65">{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Jeff |date=2007 |title=It's a Hip-Hop World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25462232 |journal=Foreign Policy |issue=163 |pages=58–65 |jstor=25462232 |issn=0015-7228}}</ref> It is tied to the birth of hip-hop, whose DJs developed rhythmic breaks for dancers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the Bronx to the world: The birth and evolution of hip-hop |url=https://www.redbull.com/ie-en/history-of-hip-hop |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Red Bull |language=en}}</ref>
The dance form has expanded globally, with an array of organizations and independent competitions supporting its growth. Breaking will become an Olympic sport at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in [[Paris]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2023 |title=2024 Paris Summer Olympics will feature breakdancing |url=https://news.yahoo.com/2024-paris-summer-olympics-feature-222325474.html |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=Yahoo! News}}</ref> per a December 7, 2020 decision by the [[International Olympic Committee]], after a proposal by the [[World DanceSport Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Breaking officially added to Olympic Games Paris 2024 |url=https://www.worlddancesport.org/News/WDSF/Breaking_officially_added_to_Olympic_Games_Paris_2024-3147 |website=www.worlddancesport.org}}</ref>
== Terminology ==
The origin of the term "breakdance" is unknown. It was used by hiphop pioneer [[Kurtis Blow]] in a 1980 profile by [[Bill Adler]] in the ''[[New York Daily News]]''.<ref name="Adler-1980">{{Cite news |last=Adler |first=Bill |date=November 12, 1980 |title=Kurtis Blow: rapped up in success |pages=M12 |work=New York Daily News}}</ref> The term is frequently used to refer to the dance in popular culture and in the mainstream entertainment industry. The term "breakdancing" has become an [[umbrella term]] that includes California-based dance styles such as [[popping]], [[Locking (dance)|locking]], and [[Electric boogaloo (dance)|electric boogaloo]], in addition to the New York-based b-boying.<ref name="Schloss">{{cite book |author=Schloss, Joseph |title=Foundation: B-boys, B-girls, And Hip-Hop Culture In New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009}}</ref>{{Rp|60}}<ref name="brk">{{cite book |last=Rivera |first=Raquel |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781403960443 |title=New York Ricans from the Hip Hop Zone |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |year=2003 |isbn=1-4039-6043-7 |location=New York City |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781403960443/page/72 72] |chapter=It's Just Begun: The 1970s and Early 1980s |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Freeman |first=Santiago |date=July 1, 2009 |title=Planet Funk |publisher=Dance Spirit Magazine |url=http://www.dancespirit.com/articles/2177 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121154332/http://dancespirit.com/articles/2177 |archive-date=November 21, 2010}}</ref><ref name="best" />
A practitioner of this dance is called a '''b-boy''', '''b-girl''', '''breakdancer''', or '''breaker'''. The terms "b-boy" ("break-boy"), "b-girl" ("break-girl"), and "breaker" were the original terms used to describe the dancers who performed to [[DJ Kool Herc]]'s breakbeats. The obvious connection of the term "breaking" is to the word "[[breakbeat]]".{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} DJ Kool Herc has said that the term "breaking" was 1970s slang for "getting excited", "acting energetically" or "causing a disturbance".<ref>Kool Herc, in Israel (director), The Freshest Kids, QD3, 2002.</ref>
Most pioneers and notable practitioners prefer the older terms "b-boying" and "breaking".<ref name="freshest">{{cite video |title=The Freshest Kids: A History of the B-Boy |medium=DVD |publisher=QD3 Entertainment |year=2002 |location=USA |people=Israel (director)}}</ref><ref name="globe">{{cite news |author=Adam Mansbach |date=May 24, 2009 |title=The ascent of hip-hop: A historical, cultural, and aesthetic study of b-boying (book review of Joseph Schloss' "Foundation") |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2009/05/24/the_ascent_of_hip_hop/}}</ref> Frosty Freeze of the [[Rock Steady Crew]] has said, "We were known as b-boys"; hip-hop pioneer [[Afrika Bambaataa]] has said, "B-boys, [are] what you call break boys...or b-girls, what you call break girls."<ref name="freshest" /> Co-founder of Rock Steady Crew Santiago "Jo Jo" Torres, Rock Steady Crew member Marc "Mr. Freeze" Lemberger, hip-hop historian [[Fab 5 Freddy]], and rappers [[Big Daddy Kane]]<ref>Edwards, Paul, 2009, ''[[How to Rap]]: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC'', Chicago Review Press, p. 302</ref> and [[Tech N9ne]]<ref>Edwards, Paul, 2009, ''How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC'', Chicago Review Press, p. 293.</ref> use the term "b-boy".<ref name="freshest" />
Some enthusiasts consider "breakdancing" an ignorant, and even pejorative, term.<ref>{{cite web |last=Spot |first=The Bboy |title=History of the word "Breakdancing" by Crazy Legs |url=http://www.thebboyspot.com/history-of-the-word-breakdancing-by-crazy-legs |access-date=September 30, 2015}}</ref> Others use it to derogatorily refer to [[Dance studio|studio]]-trained dancers who can perform the moves but who do not live a "b-boy lifestyle".<ref name="Schloss" />{{Rp|61}} Still others use the term "breakdancer" to disparage those who learn the dance for personal gain rather than for commitment to the culture.<ref name="Schloss" />{{Rp|61}} Many accuse the media of presenting a simplified<ref>{{cite book |last=Fuhrer |first=Margaret |title=American Dance |publisher=Voyageur |year=2014 |location=Minneapolis |pages=253}}</ref> version of the dance that focuses on "tricks" instead of culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fogarty |first=Mary |title=What Ever Happened to Breakdancing?': Transnational B-Boy/b-Girl Networks, Underground Video Magazines and Imagined Affinities. |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |year=2008 |location=Ottawa}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Source
! Quote
! Citation
|-
|[[Kurtis Blow]]
|But it was in his secret identity as a B-boy (B for Beat) during after-school hours that Kurtis really shined. "I was the best dancer at the school " he claimed. "When I was 15 I used to go down to Nell Gwinn's[sic] and do that frantic Breakdance- the fancy, fancy footwork to the funky, funky music- and I would have the crowd in the palm of my hand."
|<ref name="Adler-1980" />
|-
|Richard "[[Crazy Legs (dancer)|Crazy Legs]]" Colon;<br /> [[Rock Steady Crew]]
| "When I first learned about the dance in 1977 it was called b-boying... by the time the media got a hold of it in like '81, '82, it became 'break-dancing' and I even got caught up calling it break-dancing too."
|<ref name=freshest />
|-
|[[Michael Holman (filmmaker)|Michael Holman]], [[New York City Breakers]]
|"Maybe what [[Crazy Legs (dancer)|Legs]] is doing is saying "I want to reeducate the marketplace and make them see that everything that came before was 'breakdancing' and what's going on now is 'b-boying.' And it's all under ''my'' control and auspices and whim and whatever." And so it's a cleansing; it's like an etymological purging....But it's smart, because it's a paradigm shift in which he now is not just a player but is a kingmaker. A kingpin."
|<ref name="Schloss" />{{Rp|62}}
|-
|[[Mandalit del Barco]], journalist
|"Breakdancing may have died, but the b-boy, one of four original elements of hip hop (also included: the MC, the DJ, and the graffiti artist) lives on. To those who knew it before it was tagged with the name breakdancing, to those still involved in the scene that they will always know as b-boying, the tradition is alive and, well, spinning."
|<ref name=npr>{{cite web |title=Breakdancing, Present at the Creation |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1151638 |date=October 14, 2002 |work=NPR.org |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=May 28, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100421203635/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1151638| archive-date= April 21, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Foundation (b-boy book)|''Foundation'']], by Joseph Schloss
| "In addition to its general association with commercialism, the term breakdancing is also problematic on a more practical level. Unlike b-boying, which refers to a specific dance form that developed in New York City in the '70s, breakdancing is often used as an umbrella term that includes not only b-boying, but also popping, locking, boogalooing, and other so-called funk-style dances that originated in California."
|<ref name="Schloss" />{{Rp|60}}
|-
|[[The Electric Boogaloos]]
|"In the 80's when streetdancing [sic] blew up, the media often incorrectly used the term 'breakdancing' as an umbrella term for most the streetdancing [sic] styles that they saw. What many people didn't know was [that] within these styles, other sub-cultures existed, each with their own identities. Breakdancing, or b-boying as it is more appropriately known as, is known to have its roots in the east coast and was heavily influenced by break beats and hip hop."
|<ref>{{cite web |title='Funk Styles' History And Knowledge |url=http://www.electricboogaloos.com/knowledge.html |year=2008 |work=ElectricBoogaloos.com |access-date=August 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209040518/http://www.electricboogaloos.com/knowledge.html |archive-date=February 9, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Popin Pete|Timothy "Popin' Pete" Solomon]];<br /> [[Electric Boogaloos]]
|"An important thing to clarify is that the term 'Break dancing' is wrong, I read that in many magazines but that is a media term. The correct term is 'Breakin', people who do it are B-Boys and B-Girls. The term 'Break dancing' has to be thrown out of the dance vocabulary."
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Klopman |first=Alan |date=January 1, 2007 |url=http://www.dance.com/mag/january-2007/86/hiphop-jan-2007/760/ |title=Interview with Popin Pete & Mr. Wiggles at Monsters of Hip Hop – July 7–9, 2006, Orlando, Fl. |work=DancerUniverse.com |publisher=Dancer Publishing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116221035/http://www.dance.com/mag/january-2007/86/hiphop-jan-2007/760/ |archive-date=November 16, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Hip-Hop Dance Conservatory
|"Breaking or b-boying is generally misconstrued or incorrectly termed as 'breakdancing'. Breakdancing is a term spawned from the loins of the media's [[wikt:philistinism|philistinism]], [[wikt:sciolism|sciolism]], and naïveté at that time. With no true knowledge of the hip-hop diaspora but with an ineradicable need to define it for the [[wikt:nescient|nescient]] masses, the term breakdancing was born. Most breakers take great offense to the term."
|<ref>{{cite web |title=About HDC |url=http://www.hdcny.com/wst_page2.html |work=HDCNY.com |access-date=October 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203232317/http://www.hdcny.com/wst_page2.html |archive-date=February 3, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Jeff Chang (journalist)|Jeff Chang]]
|"During the 1970s, an array of dances practiced by black and Latino kids sprang up in the inner cities of New York and California. The styles had a dizzying list of names: 'uprock' in Brooklyn, 'locking' in Los Angeles, 'boogaloo' and 'popping' in Fresno, and 'strutting' in San Francisco and Oakland. When these dances gained notice in the mid-'80s outside of their geographic contexts, the diverse styles were lumped together under the tag 'break dancing'.
|<ref name=best />
|-
|[[American Heritage Dictionary]]
|
*"b-boy (bē′boi′) ''n''. A man or boy who engages in b-boying. [b-, probably short for BREAK (from the danceable breaks in funk recordings from which turntablists make breakbeat music to which b-boying is done ) + BOY.]"
*"break dancing also break·danc·ing (brāk dăn′sĭng) ''n''. A form of nonrhythmic urban dance characterized by acrobatic and gymnastic movements."
*"break·ing (brā kĭng) ''n''. A form of urban dance involving styles such as locking, popping, and b-boying, usually performed to funk music. Also called break dancing."
|<ref>{{cite web |title=b-boy |url=http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=b-boy |work=AHDictionary.com |access-date=December 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=b-boy |url=http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=breakdancing |work=AHDictionary.com |access-date=December 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=b-boy |url=http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=breaking |work=AHDictionary.com |access-date=December 10, 2012}}</ref>
|}
== History ==
{{See also|History of hip hop dance|l2=History of hip hop dance}}
[[File:The_Rob_Roy_on_the_Baltic-_A_Canoe_Cruise_through_Norway,_Sweden,_Denmark,_Sleswig,_Holste,_the_Northe_Sea_and_the_Baltic,_with_numerous_illustrations,_Maps_and_Music_(IA_dli.granth.72776).pdf#page=144|thumb|page=144|"Salmon polka" in ''The Rob Roy on the Baltic''.|alt=A book page with an engraving of a white man jumping with a leg up, a leg down and his head at the height of his downwards knee.]]
[[File:Downrock.jpg|thumb|right|A breaker practicing [[downrock]] at a [[dance studio|studio]] in Moscow]]
Many elements of breaking developed before the 1970s. Even Colonial American dances such as the [[minuet]], [[Juba dance|Juba]], the [[quadrille]], and the [[waltz]] have may have contributed elements. The Juba, for example, is an African dance where men had dance circles where one man at a time would go and dance, similar to modern-day breaking. This dance also inspired competition, also seen in breakdancing, because better treatment would be given to the slave who intrigued their master.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203642191/joint-mark-anthony-neal-murray-forman |title=That's the Joint!: The Hip-Hop Studies Reader |date=2004-09-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-64219-1 |editor1=Murray Forman |editor2=Mark Anthony Neal |location=New York |doi=10.4324/9780203642191}}</ref> In the 1877 book ''Rob Roy on the Baltic'',<ref name="Macgregor">{{cite book |last1=Macgregor |first1=J. |title=The Rob Roy on the Baltic: A Canoe Cruise through Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Sleswig, Holste, the Northe Sea and the Baltic, with numerous illustrations, Maps and Music |date=1867 |publisher=Sampson Low, Son and Marston (London) |page=123 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.72776/page/123/mode/2up |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref> [[John MacGregor (sportsman)|John MacGregor]] describes seeing near [[Norrköping]] a "young man quite alone, who was practicing over and over the most inexplicable leap in the air...he swung himself up, and then round on his hand for a point, when his upper leg described a great circle." The engraving shows a young man apparently breakdancing. The dance was called the {{lang|no|Giesse Harad Polska}} or "salmon district dance". In 1894, Thomas Edison filmed Walter Wilkins, Denny Toliver, and Joe Rastus dancing and performing a "breakdown".<ref>{{cite video |date=October 6, 1894 |title=The Pickaninny Dance |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-rU28Jc3JU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/4-rU28Jc3JU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|format=MP4 |medium=MP4 |publisher=Edison Manufacturing Company. |access-date=December 3, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=The Pickaninny Dance, from the 'Passing Show' |website=[[IMDb]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0285903}}</ref> Then in 1898 he filmed a young street dancer performing acrobatic headspins.<ref>{{cite video |date=April 21, 1898 |title=A Street Arab |url=http://memory.loc.gov/mbrs/lcmp002/m2a32868.mpg |format=MPG |medium=MPG |publisher=Thomas A. Edison Inc. |access-date=November 10, 2009}}</ref> Some authors claim that breakdancing and [[capoeira]] have common African origin, while others claim that capoeira directly influenced breaking.<ref>[https://www.google.rs/books/edition/Capoeira/c1AGqA1S-lAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=capoeira+breakdancing&pg=PA165&printsec=frontcover Capoeira: The Jogo de Angola from Luanda to Cyberspace, Volume Two, pp. 165]</ref> There is also evidence of a similar style of dancing in Kaduna, Nigeria, in 1959.<ref>{{cite AV media|title=Celebratory Dancing, Kaduna, Northern Nigeria, 1959. Archive film 98275|publisher=Huntley Film Archives|location=Nigeria|date=1959|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIdC09KYlJU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/IIdC09KYlJU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> B-boy pioneers Richard "Crazy Legs" Colon and Kenneth "Ken Swift" Gabbert, both of Rock Steady Crew, cite James Brown and Kung Fu films (notably Bruce Lee films) as influences. Many of the acrobatic moves, such as the [[Flare (acrobatic move)|flare]], show clear connections to gymnastics.
However, it was not until the 1970s that breakdancing developed as a defined dance style in the United States. These precursing elements began to take form in the early 1970s, as breaking began to grow at parties featuring DJs and instrumental records.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-28 |title=Don't Call it Breakdancing: The Origin Story of Breaking In Milwaukee |url=https://www.milwaukeemag.com/dont-call-breakdancing-breakings-milwaukee-origin-story/ |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Milwaukee Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> It was at these parties that [[DJ Kool Herc]], a Bronx based DJ pioneer, developed rhythmic breakdown sections by simultaneously switching between two copies of the same record, creating “[[Break (music)|breaks]]”.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schloss |first=Joseph G. |date=2006 |title="Like Old Folk Songs Handed Down from Generation to Generation": History, Canon, and Community in B-Boy Culture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174468 |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=420 |doi=10.2307/20174468 |jstor=20174468 |issn=0014-1836}}</ref> By looping the records and their simultaneous breaks, he was able to prolong the break and provide a rhythmic and improvisational base for dancers:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-05 |title=Hip Hop is born at a birthday party in the Bronx — History.com This Day in History — 8/11/1973 |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hip-hop-is-born-at-a-birthday-party-in-the-bronx |access-date=2022-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005093506/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hip-hop-is-born-at-a-birthday-party-in-the-bronx |archive-date=October 5, 2012 }}</ref> Herc tells [[Jeff Chang (journalist)|Jeff Chang]] in his book [[Can't Stop Won't Stop (book)|Can't Stop Won't Stop (2005)]], “And once they heard that, that was it, wasn't no turning back. They always wanted to hear breaks after breaks after breaks after breaks."<ref name="csws" />
Breaking prompted dance battles and dance sessions known as "cyphers", competitive circles in which participants took turns dancing while surrounded by onlookers. The [[Five-Percent Nation]] first used the term “cypher” to denote circles of people.<ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Imani Kai |last2=ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ |first2=ﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﻱ |date=2011 |title=B-Boying and Battling in a Global Context: The Discursive Life of Difference in Hip Hop Dance / ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺻﺮﺍﻋﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﻲ: ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻗﺺ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺐ ﻫﻮﺏ |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23216052 |journal=Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics |issue=31 |pages=173–195 |jstor=23216052 |issn=1110-8673}}</ref> Crews including the [[Rock Steady Crew]] or Mighty Zulu Kingz began to form, in response to the growth of competitive cyphers which sometimes featured cash-prizes, titles, and bragging rights.<ref name="jstor.org"/>
=== Uprock ===
Breaking started as [[toprock]], footwork-oriented dance moves performed standing up, but as dance crews began to experiment, a separate dance form known as uprock further influenced breaking.<ref name="Schloss 2006 411–432">{{Cite journal |last=Schloss |first=Joseph G. |date=2006 |title="Like Old Folk Songs Handed Down from Generation to Generation": History, Canon, and Community in B-Boy Culture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174468 |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=411–432 |doi=10.2307/20174468 |jstor=20174468 |issn=0014-1836}}</ref> [[Uprock]], also known as Brooklyn uprock, is a more aggressive dance style commonly performed between two partners that feature intricate footwork and hitting motions, mimicking a fight.<ref name="csws" /> As a separate dance style, it never gained the same widespread popularity as breakdancing, except for some very specific moves adopted by breakers who use it as a variation for their toprock.<ref name="csws">{{cite book |last=Chang |first=Jeff |url=https://archive.org/details/cantstopwontstop00chang |title=Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2005 |isbn= |location=New York |pages=21 |author-link=Jeff Chang (journalist) |url-access=registration}}</ref> Uprock is also stated to have roots in gangs, as an expressive medium used to settle turf disputes, with the winner deciding the location of a future battle.<ref name="Schloss 2006 411–432"/> Although some disagree that breakdancing ever played a part in mediating gang rivalry, the early growth of breaking still primarily served to assist the poor youth of the Bronx to stray away from gang violence and rather expel their time towards an artistic dance.<ref name="Chang 2007 58–65"/> One example is former gang leader [[Afrika Bambaataa]], who hosted hip-hop parties and vowed to specifically use hip-hop to support children away from gang violence. He would eventually form the [[Universal Zulu Nation]] to further his message.<ref name="Chang 2007 58–65"/>
Some breakers argue that because uprock was originally a separate dance style it should never be mixed with breakdancing and that the uprock moves performed by breakers today are not the original moves but imitations that only show a small part of the original uprock style.<ref>{{cite web|author=Coudntpickname |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gapNNMWM82k |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gapNNMWM82k |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Bboy/Bgirl Foundations: Toprock |publisher=YouTube |date=January 1, 2007 |access-date=November 8, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the music video for 1985's hit single "[[I Wonder If I Take You Home]]", [[Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam]]'s drummer Mike Hughes can be seen "rocking" (doing uprock) at 1:24 when viewed on [[YouTube]].
== Worldwide expansion ==
This section describes the development of breakdancing throughout the world. Countries are sorted alphabetically.
=== Brazil ===
Ismael Toledo was one of the first breakers in Brazil.<ref name=toledo>{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Greg |title=São Paulo's Original B-Boy |url=http://www.werclassic.com/en-US/articles/11-04-01/São_Paulo_s_Original_B-Boy.aspx |work=WeRClassic.com |access-date=May 8, 2012 |date=April 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510210159/http://www.werclassic.com/en-US/articles/11-04-01/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_s_Original_B-Boy.aspx |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1984, he moved to the United States to study dance.<ref name=toledo /> While in the U.S. he discovered breakdancing and ended up meeting breaker [[Crazy Legs (dancer)|Crazy Legs]] who personally mentored him for the four years that followed.<ref name=toledo /> After becoming proficient in breakdancing, he moved back to São Paulo and started to organize crews and enter international competitions.<ref name=toledo /> He eventually opened a hip-hop dance studio called the Hip-Hop Street College.<ref name=toledo />
=== Cambodia ===
Born in Thailand and raised in the United States, Tuy "KK" Sobil started a community center called Tiny Toones in [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]] in 2005 where he uses dancing, hip-hop music, and art to teach Cambodian youth language skills, computer skills, and life skills (hygiene, sex education, counseling). His organization helps roughly 5,000 youths each year. One of these youths include Diamond, who is regarded as Cambodia's first b-girl.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dwyer |first=Alex |title=Samsonite Man: Breaking The Cycle With Cambodia, Crips & Education |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/editorials/id.1857/title.samsonite-man-breaking-the-cycle-with-cambodia-crips-education |work=HipHopDX.com |date=February 19, 2012 |access-date=July 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011092048/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/editorials/id.1857/title.samsonite-man-breaking-the-cycle-with-cambodia-crips-education/ |archive-date=October 11, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.tinytoones.org/about/history/ |work=TinyToones.org |access-date=July 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711132545/http://www.tinytoones.org/about/history/ |archive-date=July 11, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Canada ===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Ottawa_youth_breakdance_during_Canada_150_celebrations.jpg|thumb|[[Ottawa]] Youth breakdancing during [[Canada 150]] Celebrations]]
There are several ways breakdancing came to Canada. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, films such as [[Breakin'|''Breakin{{'}}'' (1984)]], ''[[Beat Street]]'' (1984), and the immigration of people from [[Chicago]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Detroit]], [[Seattle]], and [[Los Angeles]] introduced dance styles from the United States. Breakdancing expanded in Canada from there, with crews like Canadian Floormasters taking over the 80's scene, and New Energy opening for James Brown in 1984 at the Paladium in Montreal. Leading into the 90's, crews like Bag of Trix, Rakunz, Intrikit, Contents Under Pressure, Supernaturalz, Boogie Brats, and Red Power Squad, led the scene throughout the rest of the past two decades and counting.
=== France ===
Breakdancing took off in France in the early 1980s with the creation of groups such as the Paris City Breakers (who styled themselves after the well-known [[New York City Breakers]]). In 1984, France became the first country in the world to have a regularly and nationally broadcast television show about Hip Hop—hosted by [[Sidney Duteil]]—with a focus on Hip Hop dance.<ref>{{cite book|title = Between New York and Paris: Hip Hop and the Transnational Politics of Race, Culture, and Citizenship|last = Meghelli|first = Samir|publisher = Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University|year = 2012|location = New York, NY}}</ref> This show led to the explosion of Hip Hop dance in France, with many new crews appearing on the scene.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Global Cipha: Hip Hop Culture and Consciousness|author1=Spady, James G. |author2=Alim, H. Samy |author3=Meghelli, Samir |publisher = Black History Museum Press|year = 2006|isbn = 978-0-9671741-1-2|location = Philadelphia, PA}}</ref>
=== Japan ===
Breakdancing in Japan was introduced in 1983 following the release of the movie [[Wild Style]]. The release of the movie was accompanied by a tour by the Rock Steady Crew and many Japanese were captivated. Other movies such as [[Flashdance]] followed and furthered the breakdance craze. Crazy-A, the leader of the Tokyo chapter of the Rock Steady Crew,<ref name=jhop /> was dragged to see Flashdance by his then girlfriend and walked out captivated by the dance form and became one its earliest and one of the most influential breakers in Japanese history. Groups began to spring up as well, with early groups such as Tokyo B-Boys, Dynamic Rock Force (American kids from Yokota AB), B-5 Crew, and Mystic Movers popping up in [[Harajuku]]. The breakdancing community in Japan found a home in Tokyo's [[Yoyogi Park]]<ref name=jhop>{{cite web |last=Condry |first=Ian |title=Japanese Hip-Hop |url=http://web.mit.edu/condry/www/jhh/ |work=mit.edu |publisher=MIT |access-date=September 9, 2009 |archive-date=April 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422085327/http://web.mit.edu/condry/www/jhh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> in Harajuku, which still remains an active area for breakdancers and hip-hop enthusiasts. As hip-hop continued to grow in Japan, so did breakdancing and the breakdancing communities. Following the introduction of international breakdancing competitions, Japan began to compete and were praised for their agility and precision, yet they were criticized in the beginning for lacking originality. The Japanese began to truly flourish on the international stage following the breakdancing career of Taisuke Nonaka, known simply as Taisuke. Taisuke began to dominate the international scene and led the Japanese team Floorriorz to win the BOTY in 2015 against crew Kienjuice from Belarus. Despite Taisuke's successful career in group competitions, he failed to win the solo Red Bull BC One competition, an individual breakdancing championship that had continued to evade Japanese bboys. The first Japanese to win the BC One competition became Bboy Issei in 2016. Issei is widely regarded by many as the best Japanese breakdancer currently and in the eyes of some, the best worldwide. Female bboys, or "bgirls", are also prevalent in Japan and following the introduction of a female BC One competition in 2018, Japanese bgirl Ami Yuasa became the first female champion. Notable Japanese bboy crews include FoundNation, Body Carnival, and the Floorriorz. Notable Japanese bgirl crews include Queen of Queens, Body Carnival, and Nishikasai.
=== South Korea ===
Breakdancing was first introduced to South Korea by American soldiers shortly after its surge of popularity in the U.S. during the 1980s, but it was not until the late 1990s that the culture and dance took hold.<ref>{{cite news|first=Charles |last=Usher |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0705/South-Korea-World-breakdancing-capital |title=South Korea: World breakdancing capital? |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=July 5, 2011 |access-date=November 8, 2011}}</ref> 1997 is known as the "Year Zero of Korean breaking".<ref name=best>{{cite web |url=http://cantstopwontstop.com/reader/worlds-best/ |title=The World's Best Dance Crew :: How Korean B-Boys Conquered Planet Rock « Can't Stop Won't Stop |publisher=Cantstopwontstop.com |date=June 26, 2008 |access-date=November 8, 2011 |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008085840/http://cantstopwontstop.com/reader/worlds-best/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A [[Korean-American]] hip hop promoter named John Jay Chon was visiting his family in Seoul and while he was there, he met a crew named Expression Crew in a club. He gave them a [[VHS tape]] of a Los Angeles breakdancing competition called Radiotron.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rivera |first=Selene |date=2022-11-10 |title=An immigrant's dream makes an iconic Boyle Heights music venue flow with 'body rhythm' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-11-10/the-paramount-boyle-heights-music-venue-frank-acevedo |access-date=2022-11-11 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A year later when he returned, Chon found that his video and others like his had been copied and dubbed numerous times, and were feeding an ever-growing breaker community.
In 2002, Korea's Expression Crew won the prestigious international breakdancing competition [[Battle of the Year]], exposing the skill of the country's breakers to the rest of the world. Since then, the Korean government has capitalized on the popularity of the dance and has promoted it alongside Korean culture. [[R-16 Korea]] is the most well-known government-sponsored breakdancing event, and is hosted by the [[Korea Tourism Organization]] and supported by the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism.
Famous breakdancing crews from Korea include Morning of Owl, [[Jinjo Crew]], Rivers Crew and [[Gamblerz]].
=== Soviet Union ===
In the 1980s the Soviet Union was in a state of the [[Cold War]] with the countries of the [[Western Bloc]]. Soviet people lived behind the [[Iron Curtain]], so they usually learned the new fashion trends emerging in the capitalist countries with some delay. The Soviet Union first learned of breakdancing in 1984, when videotapes of the films ''Breakin{{'}}'', ''Breakin' 2'' and ''Beat Street'' got into the country. In the USSR these movies were not released officially. They were brought home by Soviet citizens who had the opportunity to travel to Western countries (for example, by diplomats). Originally, the dance became popular in big cities: [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], as well as in the [[Baltic states|Baltic republics]] (some citizens of these Soviet republics had the opportunity to watch Western television). The attitude of the authorities to the new dance that came from the West was negative.<ref name="DOZADO" >{{cite web|url=http://dozado.ru/30-let-pervoy-volni-breakdance-ussr-1986-2016/|title=30-летие первой волны брейкданса в СССР (1986–2016)|access-date=November 3, 2018|date=January 5, 2017|publisher=DOZADO}}</ref>
[[File:Break-dancing competition, Riga, Latvia (1986).jpg|thumb|Breakdancing performance in [[Riga]], [[Latvian SSR]], 1986]]
The situation changed in 1985 with [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] who came to power and with the beginning of the [[Perestroika]] policy. The first to legalize the new dance were dancers from the Baltic republics. They presented this dance as the "protest against the arbitrariness of the capitalists",<!-- Who is being quoted here? --> explaining that the dance was invented by Black Americans from poor neighborhoods. In 1985 the performance of Czech [[Jiří Korn]] was shown in the program "Morning Post", and became one of the first official demonstrations of breakdancing on Soviet television. With the support of the [[Komsomol|Leninist Young Communist League]] in 1986 breakdance<!-- In the Soviet Union used term "breakdance" --> festivals were held in the cities of the Baltic republics ([[Tallinn]], [[Palanga]], [[Riga]]). The next step was the spreading of the similar festivals to other Soviet republics. Festivals were held in [[Donetsk]] (Ukraine), [[Vitebsk]] (Belarus), [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]] (Russia). Breakdancing could be seen in Soviet cinema: ''Dancing on the Roof'' (1985), ''[[Courier (film)|Courier]]'' (1986), ''Publication'' (1988). By the end of the decade the dance became almost ubiquitous. At almost any disco or school dance one could see a person dancing in the "robot" style.<ref name="DOZADO" />
In the early 1990s the country experienced a severe economic and political crisis. With the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the breakdance craze was over and breakdancing became dated. The next wave of interest in breakdancing in Russia would only occur in the late 90s.<ref name="DOZADO" />
=== China ===
Although social media such as [[YouTube]] cannot be used in China, breakdancing in China has been popular. Many people copy breakdancing videos from abroad and distribute them back to the mainland. Although it is still an [[underground culture]] in China because of some restrictions, breakdancing was reported to be a growing presence in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2013/09/where-are-the-break-dancers-in-china/|title=Growing presence of B-boys and B-girls in China is slowly emerging to the dance world.|date=September 17, 2013|website=The World of Chinese|access-date=April 25, 2019|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427112029/https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2013/09/where-are-the-break-dancers-in-china/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Dance elements ==
[[File:Bboy.ogv|thumb|right|Gravity Benders crew showcasing the four elements of breakdancing — [[toprock]], [[downrock]], [[Freeze (b-boy move)|freezes]], and [[power moves]]{{snd}} some crew choreography, and a short battle]]
There are four primary elements that form breakdancing: toprock, downrock, power moves, and freezes.
*''[[Toprock]]'' generally refers to any string of steps performed from a standing position. It is usually the first and foremost opening display of style, though dancers often transition from other aspects of breakdancing to toprock and back. Toprock has a variety of steps which can each be varied according to the dancer's expression (i.e. aggressive, calm, excited). A great deal of freedom is allowed in the definition of toprock: as long as the dancer maintains cleanliness, form, and attitude, theoretically anything can be toprock. Toprock can draw upon many other dance styles such as [[popping]], [[locking (dance)|locking]], [[tap dance]], [[Lindy hop]], or [[house dance]]. Transitions from toprock to downrock and power moves are called "drops".<ref>{{cite book |first=Jeff |last=Chang |title=Total Chaos: The Art and Aesthetics of Hip-Hop |url=https://archive.org/details/totalchaosartaes00chan |url-access=registration |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/totalchaosartaes00chan/page/20 20] |location=New York City |publisher=BasicCivitas |isbn=0-465-00909-3 |quote=The transition between top and floor rockin' was also important and became known as the 'drop'.}}</ref>
*''[[Downrock]]'' (also known as "footwork" or "floorwork") is used to describe any movement on the floor with the hands supporting the dancer as much as the feet. Downrock includes moves such as the foundational [[6-step]], and its variants such as the 3-step. The most basic of downrock is done entirely on feet and hands but more complex variations can involve the knees when ''threading'' limbs through each other.
*''[[Power moves]]'' are acrobatic moves that require [[momentum]], speed, endurance, strength, flexibility, and control to execute. The breaker is generally supported by his upper body while the rest of his body creates circular momentum. Some examples are the [[Windmill (breakdance move)|windmill]], [[Swipe (breakdance move)|swipe]], back spin, and head spin. Some power moves are borrowed from gymnastics and martial arts. An example of a power move taken from gymnastics is the [[Kurt Thomas (gymnast)|Thomas Flair]] which is shortened and spelled ''[[Flare (breakdance move)|flare]]'' in breakdancing.
*''[[Freeze (b-boy move)|Freezes]]'' are stylish poses that require the breaker to suspend himself or herself off the ground using upper body strength in poses such as the [[freeze (breakdance move)|pike]]. They are used to emphasize strong beats in the music and often signal the end of a set. Freezes can be linked into chains or "stacks" where breakers go from freeze to freeze to freeze in order to hit the beats of the music, which displays musicality and physical strength.
== Styles ==
[[File:Bboy DanceMachine.jpg|thumb|Bboy DanceMachine at the Breakfast Jam finals in Kampala, Uganda on November 19, 2016]]{{See also|Jaiva}}
There are many individual styles used in breakdancing. Individual styles often stem from a dancer's region of origin and influences. However, some people such as Jacob "Kujo" Lyons believe that the internet inhibits individual style. In a 2012 interview with ''B-Boy Magazine'' he expressed his frustration:
[[File:Breakdancer vilay.jpg|thumb|right|B-boys performing on San Francisco's Powell Street in 2008]]
[[File:Street Acrobats in DC - 2013-06-07 - 02.JPG|thumb|right|B-Boy performing ''hand hops'' in Washington D.C.]]
{{blockquote|… because everybody watches the same videos online, everybody ends up looking very similar. The differences between individual b-boys, between crews, between cities/states/countries/continents, have largely disappeared. It used to be that you could tell what city a b-boy was from by the way he danced. Not anymore. But I've been saying these things for almost a decade, and most people don't listen, but continue watching the same videos and dancing the same way. It's what I call the "international style", or the "Youtube style".<ref>{{cite web|last=Lyons|first=Jacob "Kujo"|url=http://bboymagazine.com/2012/02/krazy-kujo-interview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206072823/http://bboymagazine.com/2012/02/krazy-kujo-interview/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 6, 2017|title=Krazy Kujo Interview|work=B-Boy Magazine|date=February 15, 2012|access-date=March 21, 2012}}</ref>}}
Luis "Alien Ness" Martinez, the president of Mighty Zulu Kings, expressed a similar frustration in a separate interview three years earlier with "The Super B-Beat Show" about the top five things he hates in breakdancing:
{{blockquote|Oh yeah, the last thing I hate in breakin'… Yo, all y'all motherfuckin' internet b-boys... I'm an internet b-boy too, but I'm real about my shit. Everybody knows who I am, I'm out at every fucking jam, I'm in a different country every week. I tell my story dancing... I've been all around the world, y'all been all around the world wide web... [my friend] Bebe once said that shit, and I co-sign that, Bebe said that. That wasn't me but that's the realist shit I ever heard anybody say. I've been all around the world, you've been all around the world wide web.<ref>{{cite video |people=Luis "Alien Ness" Martinez (Interviewee) |date=March 2009 |url=http://vimeo.com/3821378|title=Alien Ness's TOP 5 THINGS HE HATES IN BREAKIN|publisher=Mane One|time=3:00 |access-date=March 21, 2012}}</ref>}}
Although there are some generalities in the styles that exist, many dancers combine elements of different styles with their own ideas and knowledge in order to create a unique style of their own. Breakers can therefore be categorized into a broad style, which generally showcases the same types of techniques.
* Power: This style is what most members of the general public associate with the term "breakdancing". Power moves comprise full-body spins and rotations that give the illusion of defying gravity. Examples of power moves include head spins, backspins, windmills, flares, air tracks/air flares, 1990s, 2000s, jackhammers, crickets, turtles, hand glides, halos, and elbow spins. Those breakers who use "power moves" almost exclusively in their sets are referred to as "power heads".
* Abstract: A very broad style which may include the incorporation of "threading" footwork, freestyle movement to hit beats, house dance, and "circus" styles (tricks, contortion, etc.).
* Blow-up: A style which focuses on the "wow factor" of certain power moves, freezes, and circus styles. Blowups consist of performing a sequence of as many difficult trick combinations in as quick succession as possible in order to "smack" or exceed the virtuosity of the other breaker's performance. The names of some of these moves are air baby, hollow backs, solar eclipse, and reverse air baby, among others. The main goal in blow-up style is the rapid transition through a sequence of power moves, ending in a skillful freeze or "suicide". Like freezes, a suicide is used to emphasize a strong beat in the music and signal the end to a routine. While freezes draw attention to a controlled final position, suicides draw attention to the motion of falling or losing control. B-boys or b-girls will make it appear that they have lost control and fall onto their backs, stomachs, etc. The more painful the suicide appears, the more impressive it is, but breakers execute them in a way to minimize pain.
* Flavor: A style that is based more on elaborate toprock, downrock, and/or freezes. This style is focused more on the beat and musicality of the song than having to rely on power moves only. Breakers who base their dance on "flavor" or style are known as "style heads".
== Music ==
The musical selection for breakdancing is not restricted to [[hip hop music|hip-hop music]] as long as the tempo and beat pattern conditions are met. Breakdancing can be readily adapted to different music genres with the aid of [[remix]]ing. The original songs that popularized the dance form borrow significantly from progressive genres of [[funk]], [[soul music|soul]], [[disco]], [[Electro music|electro]], and [[jazz funk]]. A musical canon of these traditional b-boy songs have since developed, songs that were once expected to be played at every b-boying event.<ref name="Schloss 2006 411–432"/> As the dance form grew, this standardization of classic songs prompted innovation of dance moves and break beats that reimagined the standard melodies. These songs include [[Give It Up or Turnit a Loose|“Give It Up or Turn It a Loose”]] by James Brown, [[Apache (instrumental)|“Apache”]] by the Incredible Bongo Band, and [[The Mexican (song)|"The Mexican"]] by Babe Ruth to name a few.<ref name="Schloss 2006 411–432"/><ref>Francois Marchand, [https://vancouversun.com/news/Breaking+down+Apache+with+video/9172364/story.html "Breaking down Apache (with video): New film Sample This examines 'national anthem of hip-hop' recorded in Vancouver"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629022319/http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Breaking+down+Apache+with+video/9172364/story.html |date=June 29, 2016 }}, ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'', December 19, 2019.</ref>
The most common feature of breakdance music exists in musical [[Break (music)|breaks]], or compilations formed from [[Sampling (music)|samples]] taken from different songs which are then looped and chained together by the DJ. The tempo generally ranges between 110 and 135 beats per minute with [[shuffle note|shuffled]] [[Sixteenth note|sixteenth]] and [[Quarter note|quarter]] beats in the percussive pattern. History credits DJ [[Kool Herc]] for the invention of this concept<ref name = csws /> later termed the [[Break (music)#Break beat|break beat]].
== Major competitions ==
{{See also|Hip-hop dance#International competitions|International B-Boy Championships}}
* '''[[Battle of the Year]]''' (BOTY) was founded in 1990 by Thomas Hergenröther in Germany.<ref name=about>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/about.html |work=BraunBattleoftheYear.com |access-date=July 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925173701/http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/about.html |archive-date=September 25, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the first and largest international breakdancing competition for breakdance crews.<ref>{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Susan |title=Wide world of break-dancing sports |work=[[Toronto Star]] |issn=0319-0781 |date=May 30, 2008}}</ref> BOTY holds regional qualifying tournaments in several countries such as Zimbabwe, Japan, Israel, Algeria, Indonesia, and [[Battle of the Year#Qualification and Preliminaries|the Balkans]]. Crews who win these tournaments go on to compete in the final championship in [[Montpellier]], France.<ref name=about /> BOTY was featured in the independent documentary ''[[Planet B-Boy]]'' (2007) that filmed five dance crews training for the 2005 championship. A [[3D film]] ''Battle of the Year'' was released in January 2013. It was directed by Benson Lee who also directed ''Planet B-Boy''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meeting the Dream Team |url=http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/news/news/date/2012/05/21/meeting-the-dream-team.html |work=BraunBattleOfTheYear.com |access-date=June 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724060350/http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/news/news/date/2012/05/21/meeting-the-dream-team.html |archive-date=July 24, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''[[International Breakdance Event|The Notorious IBE]]''' is a Dutch-based breakdancing competition founded in 1998.<ref name=style>{{cite web |title=The Notorious IBE 2009 |url=http://www.style43.com/news/2009/09/14/the-notorious-ibe-2009/ |work=Style43.com |access-date=October 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419231054/http://www.style43.com/news/2009/09/14/the-notorious-ibe-2009/ |archive-date=April 19, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> IBE (International Breakdance Event) is not a traditional competition because there are not any stages or judges. Instead, there are timed competitive events that take place in large multitiered ciphers—circular dance spaces surrounded by observers—where the winners are determined by audience approval.<ref name=style /> There are several kinds of events such as the b-girl crew battle, the Seven 2 Smoke battle (eight top ranked breakers battle each other to determine the overall winner), the All vs. All continental battle (all the American breakers vs. all the European breakers vs. the Asian breakers vs. Mexican/Brazilian breakers), and the Circle Prinz IBE.<ref name=style /> The Circle Prinz IBE is a knockout tournament that takes place in multiple smaller cipher battles until the last standing breaker is declared the winner.<ref name=style /> IBE also hosts the European finals for the UK B-Boy Championships.<ref>{{cite book |title=B-Boy Championships: From Bronx to Brixton |author=DJ Hooch |year=2011 |publisher=Virgin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-7535-4001-5 |pages=185}}</ref>
* '''[[Chelles Battle Pro]]''' was created in 2001 and it is held every year in [[Chelles, Seine-et-Marne|Chelles, France]]. There are two competitions. One is a kids competition for solo breakers who are 12 years old or younger. The other competition is a knock-out tournament for eight breaker crews. Some crews have to qualify at their country's local tournament; others are invited straight to the finale.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 14, 2013 |title=Report du Chelles Battle Pro #2 – L'édition 2013 vue de l'intérieur |url=http://www.urban-culture.fr/actualites/report-photo-du-chelles-battle-pro-2.html |work=Urban-Culture.fr |access-date=February 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228203514/http://www.urban-culture.fr/actualites/report-photo-du-chelles-battle-pro-2.html |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |language=fr |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''[[Red Bull BC One]]''' was created in 2004 by [[Red Bull GmbH|Red Bull]] and is hosted in a different country every year.<ref name=redbull /> The competition brings together the top 16 breakers from around the world.<ref name=redbull>{{cite web |title=About the Red Bull BC One |url=http://www.redbullbcone.com/about |work=RedBullBCOne.com |access-date=September 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210001003/http://www.redbullbcone.com/about |archive-date=February 10, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Six spots are earned through six regional qualifying tournaments. The other 10 spots are reserved for last year's winner, wild card selections, and recommendations from an international panel of experts. A past participant of the competition is world record holder Mauro "Cico" (pronounced CHEE-co) Peruzzi. B-boy Cico holds the world record in the 1990s. A 1990 is a move in which a breaker spins continuously on one hand—a hand spin rather than a head spin. Cico broke the record by spinning 27 times.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cico |url=http://www.prodance.co.uk/CICO |work=ProDance.co.uk |access-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221014428/http://www.prodance.co.uk/CICO |archive-date=December 21, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Red Bull BC One – B-Boy Cico |url=http://redbullbcone.com/profile/cico |work=RedBullBCOne.com |access-date=August 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209045304/http://www.redbullbcone.com/profile/cico |archive-date=February 9, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A documentary based on the competition called ''Turn It Loose'' (2009) profiled six breakdancers' training for the 2007 championship in Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.turnitloosemovie.com/about |work=TurnItLoose.com |access-date=October 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020105247/http://www.turnitloosemovie.com/about |archive-date=October 20, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Two of these breakdancers were Ali "[[B-boy Lilou|Lilou]]" Ramdani from Pockémon Crew and Omar "[[Roxrite]]" Delgado from Squadron.
[[File:R16 cypher.jpg|thumb|right|A breakdancer does an ''[[Airflare|air-flare]]'' in a cypher at R16 Korea 2014]]
* '''[[R-16 Korea|R16 Korea]]''' is a South Korean breakdancing competition founded in 2007 by Asian Americans Charlie Shin and John Jay Chon.<ref name=asiamerica>{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Chang (journalist) |title=So you think they can break-dance? |work=Salon.com |date=June 26, 2008 |url=http://www.salon.com/ent/feature/2008/06/26/korean_hiphop/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161429/http://www.salon.com/entertainment/feature/2008/06/26/korean_hiphop/index.html |archive-date=October 7, 2010 |access-date=August 28, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Like BOTY and Red Bull BC One put together, ''Respect''16 is a competition for the top 16 ranked crews in the world.<ref name=ktour>{{cite web |title=R-16 Korea Sparkling, Seoul |work=VisitKorea.or.kr |date=July 30, 2009 |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_2_1.jsp?cid=293322 |access-date=August 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111110038/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_2_1.jsp?cid=293322 |archive-date=November 11, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> What sets it apart from other competitions is that it is sponsored by the government and broadcast live on Korean television and in several countries in Europe.<ref name=asiamerica /> In 2011, R16 instituted a new judging system that was created to eliminate bias and set a unified and fair standard for the way breakdance battles should be judged.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Blessings from New York City for a New Judging System for Bboy Battles |url=http://www.r16korea.com/xe/blog_2011_en/5942 |work=R16Korea.com |date=June 23, 2011 |access-date=June 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903140616/http://www.r16korea.com/xe/blog_2011_en/5942 |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> With the new system, breakers are judged against five criteria: foundation, dynamics (power moves), battle, originality, and execution. There is one judge for each category and the scores are shown on a large screen during battles so that the audience can see who is winning at any given moment.<ref>{{cite web |title=O.U.R. System |url=http://ourbboys.com/our-system |work=OurBBoys.com |access-date=June 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604073852/http://ourbboys.com/our-system |archive-date=June 4, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*The '''[[Youth Olympic Games]]''' incorporated breakdancing as part of its programme, starting with the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics]] in [[Buenos Aires]]. Breakdancing is eligible for inclusion as it is a discipline of [[dancesport]], which is recognised by the [[International Olympic Committee]]. The competition featured men's, women's and mixed-team events in a one-on-one battle format.<ref>{{cite web|work=Olympic.org – Official website of the Olympic Movement|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/three-new-sports-to-join-buenos-aires-2018-yog-programme|title=Three new sports to join Buenos Aires 2018 YOG programme|access-date=August 25, 2017|date=January 25, 2017}}</ref>
*The '''[[2024 Summer Olympics]]''' in Paris will see breakdancing make its Olympic debut. 16 male and 16 female breakdancers will compete in head-to-head matches.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/07/sport/breakdancing-olympics-paris-2024-spt-intl/index.html |title=Breakdancing to make its Olympic debut at Paris 2024|access-date=January 23, 2021|date=December 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Genesis of Competitive Breaking |url=https://www.redbull.com/us-en/theredbulletin/genesis-of-competitive-breaking |website=www.redbull.com}}</ref> IOC President [[Thomas Bach]] stated that they added breakdancing as part of an effort to draw more interest from young people in the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Los Angeles Times|LA Times]]|url= https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/story/2020-12-07/breakdancing-2024-paris-olympics-surfing-skateboarding-climbing |title='Breaking' news: Breakdancing added as an event for 2024 Paris Olympics|access-date=January 23, 2021|date=December 7, 2020}}</ref>
== Female presence ==
[[File:CCJ - Breakdance 1.jpg|alt=A woman who has black hair tied back and a green T-shirt is swinging herself sideways onto one arm, both feet off the ground.|thumb|A female breaker performs in [[São Paulo]], Brazil.]]
Similar to other hip-hop subcultures, such as [[graffiti]] writing, [[rapping]], and [[turntabalism|DJing]], breakers are predominantly male, but this is not to say that women breakers, b-girls, are invisible or nonexistent. Female participants, such as Daisy Castro (also known as Baby Love of Rock Steady Crew), attest that females have been breakdancing since its inception.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Perkins|editor-first1=William Eric|author1=Nancy Guevara|chapter=Women Writin' Rappin' Breakin'|title=Droppin' science : critical essays on rap music and hip hop culture|date=1996|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=1-56639-362-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/droppinsciencecr0000unse/page/49 49–62]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/droppinsciencecr0000unse/page/49}}</ref> Critics argue that it is unfair to make a sweeping generalization about these inequalities because women have begun to play a larger role in the breakdancing scene.<ref>{{cite news| last = La Rocco| first = Claudia| title = A Breaking Battle Women Hope to Win| date = August 6, 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/arts/dance/06laro.html |access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Girl Power Dances to It's [sic] Own Groove | url = http://politicalpalace.yuku.com/forum/viewtopic/id/10152 |work=Yuku.com |access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref>
Some people have pointed to a lack of promotion as a barrier, as full-time b-girl Firefly stated in a BBC piece: "It's getting more popular. There are a lot more girls involved. The problem is that promoters are not putting on enough female-only battles."<ref>{{cite web| title = Firefly aka female breaker| work = BBC Living section| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/features/living/breakdance/firefly.shtml |access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Women Get the Breaks |date=March 18, 2005 |work=The Independent: Independent News and Media |url=http://license.icopyright.net/user/viewFreeUse.act?fuid=MjEyOTQ2Mw%3D%3D |access-date=September 9, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Growing interest is being shown in changing the traditional image of [[Hip hop model|females in hip-hop culture]] (and by extension, breakdance culture) to a more positive, empowered role in the modern hip-hop scene.<ref>{{cite web| author = Ayanna| title = The Exploitation of Women in Hip-Hop Culture| work = MySistahs.org| url = http://www.mysistahs.org/features/hiphop.htm |access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last = Arce| first = Rose| title = Hip-Hop Portrayal of Women Protested| date = March 4, 2005| work = CNN| url = http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/03/03/hip.hop/index.html |access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hip Hop's Lone Ladies Call for Backup: The B-Girl Be Summit preaches strength in numbers |last=Shepherd |first=Julianne |date=June 1, 2005 |url=http://www.citypages.com/content/printVersion/15970 |access-date=September 9, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805180300/http://www.citypages.com/content/printVersion/15970/ |archive-date=August 5, 2011 }}</ref>
In 2018, Japan's B-Girl Ami became the first B-Girl world champion of Red Bull BC One.<ref name="Kawalik2018">{{cite web |url=https://bcone.redbull.com/en_INT/article/bc-one-2018-ami-winner-interview |title=Meet Ami, The First Ever Red Bull BC One B-Girl World Champion |first=Tracy |last=Kawalik |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=October 29, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029150638/https://bcone.redbull.com/en_INT/article/bc-one-2018-ami-winner-interview |archive-date=October 29, 2018 }}</ref> Although B-Girl Ayumi had been invited as a competitor for the 2017 championship, it was only until 2018 that a 16 B-Girl bracket was featured as part of the main event.
== Media exposure ==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2007}}
=== Film ===
In the past 50 years, various films have depicted the dance. 1975's (filmed in 1974) ''[[Tommy (1975 film)|Tommy]]'' included a breakdancing sequence during the "Sensation" number. Later, in the early 1980s, several films depicted breakdancing including ''[[Fame (1980 film)|Fame]]'', ''[[Wild Style]]'', ''[[Flashdance]]'', ''[[Breakin']]'', ''[[Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo]]'', ''[[Delivery Boys]]'', ''[[Krush Groove]]'', and ''[[Beat Street]]''. In 1985, at the height of breakdancing's popularity, [[Donnie Yen]] starred in a Hong Kong film called ''[[Mismatched Couples]]'' in which he performed various b-boy and breakdancing moves.
The 2000s saw a resurgence of films and television series featuring breakdancing that continued into the early 2010s:
* The 2001 comedy film ''[[Zoolander]]'' depicts Zoolander ([[Ben Stiller]]) and Hansel ([[Owen Wilson]]) performing breakdance moves on a catwalk.
* The 2004 [[anime]] television series ''[[Samurai Champloo]]'' features one of the main characters, [[List of Samurai Champloo characters#Mugen|Mugen]] using a fighting style based on breakdancing.
* The ''[[Step Up (film series)|Step Up]]'' films (2006–14) are dance movies that focus on the passion and love of dance. Breakdancing is featured in all five films, ''[[Step Up (film)|Step Up]]'', ''[[Step Up 2: The Streets]]'', ''[[Step Up 3D]]'', and ''[[Step Up Revolution]]'', and ''[[Step Up: All In]]'', as well as the TV series ''[[Step Up: High Water]]''.
* The "Step Up" series made dance movies popular by showcasing different dance styles, like breakdancing. This led to an increase in dance-themed films and made dance a popular subject in entertainment.
* The 2007 comedy ''[[Kickin' It Old Skool]]'' stars [[Jamie Kennedy]] as a breakdancer who hits his head during a talent show and wakes up from a coma in the year 2007, then plans to get his breakdancing team back together.
* The 2009 Thai martial arts film ''[[Raging Phoenix]]'' features a fictional martial art called ''meiraiyutth'' based on a combination of [[Muay Thai]] and breakdancing.
* The 2009 British drama film ''[[Fish Tank (film)|Fish Tank]]'' stars [[Katie Jarvis]] as a 15-year-old who regularly practices hip-hop dance, including breakdancing, in her council estate.
* The 2013 American 3D dance film ''[[Battle of the Year (film)|Battle of the Year]]'' is a drama about the dance competition of the same name.
* The 1968 film Bye Bye Braverman has elements of breakdancing in its final scene
Several documentary films have been made about breakdancing:
* The 1983 PBS documentary ''[[Style Wars]]'' chronicled New York graffiti artists, but also includes some breakdancing.
* The 2007 documentary ''[[Planet B-Boy]]'' follows five crews from around the world in their journey to the international breakdancing competition [[Battle of the Year]]. The ''Planet B-Boy'' documentary was the inspiration for the 2013 American 3D dance film ''[[Battle of the Year (film)|Battle of the Year]]'', a drama about the competition of the same name.
* The 2010 German documentary ''[[Neukölln Unlimited]]'' depicts the life of two breakdancing brothers in Berlin that try to use their dancing talents to secure a livelihood. Breakdancing moves are sometimes incorporated into the choreography of films featuring martial arts. This is due to the visually pleasing aspect of the dance, no matter how ridiculous or useless it would be in an actual fight.
=== Television ===
In the United States, Breakdancing is widely referenced in TV advertising, as well as news, travelogue, and documentary segments, as an indicator of youth/street culture. From a production point of view the style is visually arresting, instantly recognizable and adducible to fast-editing, while the ethos is multi-ethnic, energetic and edgy, but free from the gangster-laden overtones of much rap-culture imagery. Its usability as a visual cliché benefits sponsorship, despite the relatively small following of the genre itself beyond the circle of its practitioners. In 2005, a [[Golf GTi|Volkswagen Golf GTi]] commercial featured a partly [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] version of Gene Kelly popping and breakdancing to a remix of "[[Singin' in the Rain (song)|Singin' in the Rain]]" by [[Mint Royale]]. The tagline was, "The original, updated." The dance shows ''[[So You Think You Can Dance]]'' and ''[[America's Best Dance Crew]]'' arguably brought breakdancing back to the forefront of pop culture in the United States, similar to the popularity it had enjoyed in the 1980s. The American drama television series ''[[Step Up: High Water]]'', a series focused on breakdancing and other forms of hip-hop dance, premiered on March 20, 2019.
Since breakdancing's popularity surge in South Korea, it has been featured in various TV dramas and commercials. ''[[Break (TV series)|Break]]'' is a 2006 South Korean miniseries about a breakdancing competition. ''[[Over the Rainbow (South Korean TV series)|Over the Rainbow]]'' is a 2006 South Korean drama series centered on different characters who are brought together by breakdancing. ''[[Showdown (South Korean game show)|Showdown]]'', a breakdancing competition game show hosted by [[Jay Park]], premiered in South Korea on March 18, 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000539332 | title=대표 그만둔 박재범, JTBC 비보이 예능 '쇼다운' 출연 확정 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/jay-park-host-new-jtbc-breakdance-program-showdown-first-episode-airs-date-1047150 | title=Jay Park to host new JTBC breakdance program 'SHOWDOWN'; First episode airs on THIS date | date=March 16, 2022 | access-date=May 30, 2022 | archive-date=May 30, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530212438/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/jay-park-host-new-jtbc-breakdance-program-showdown-first-episode-airs-date-1047150 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://kstationtv.com/2022/02/04/showdown-a-new-break-battle-show-with-the-participation-of-jay-park/?lang=en | title=SHOWDOWN: A new "break" battle show, with the participation of JAY PARK | date=February 4, 2022 }}</ref>
=== Literature ===
* In 1997, Kim Soo Yong began serialization of the first breakdancing themed comic, ''[[Hip Hop]]''. The comic sold over 1.5 million books and it helped to introduce breakdancing and hip-hop culture to Korean youth.
* The first breakdancing themed novel, ''Kid B'', was published by Houghton Mifflin in 2006. The author, [[Linden Dalecki]], was an amateur breaker in high school and directed a short documentary film about Texas breakdancing culture before writing the novel. The novel was inspired by Dalecki's short story ''The B-Boys of Beaumont'', which won the 2004 ''[[The Austin Chronicle|Austin Chronicle]]'' short story contest.
* ''Breakin' the city'', a photo book by [[Nicolaus Schmidt]], portrays breakers from the Bronx and Brooklyn wheeling around on subway cars, in city plazas, and on sidewalks in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nicolaus-schmidt.com/nybp.html |title=New York Breakdancing Project (in German) on the photographers web site |publisher=Nicolaus-schmidt.com |access-date=November 8, 2011}}</ref> Published in 2011, it features six New York based breakdance crews photographed between 2007 and 2009.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.artbook.com/9783866784536.html |title=Announcement of the book for the US release |publisher=Artbook.com |access-date=November 8, 2011}}</ref>
* ''Breakdancing: [[Mr. Fresh and the Supreme Rockers]] Show You How'' ([[Avon (publishers)|Avon Books]], 1984) was an introductory reference for newcomers to the "breakin'" style of dance as it evolved in North America in the 1970s and 1980s.
=== Video gaming ===
A few video games feature breaking, including:
* ''[[Break Dance]]'' is an 8-bit computer game by [[Epyx]] released in 1984 at the height of breakdancing's popularity.
* ''Break Street'' is a computer game in which the player receives points for performing complex dance moves using the joystick without exhausting the player character's remaining energy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mobygames.com/game/break-street | title=Break Street for Commodore 64 (1984) }}</ref> It was released for the [[Commodore 64]] in October 1984 at the height of breakdancing's popularity.
* ''Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix'' has Mario and Luigi breakdancing to numerous songs – some based after the Super Mario series, and others based off of real life. It released on October 24, 2005, on the Nintendo GameCube.
* ''B-boy'' is a 2006 [[game console|console]] game released for [[PS2]] and [[PlayStation Portable|PSP]] which aims at an unadulterated depiction of breakdancing.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.psp411.com/show/product/1163/0/BBoy.html| title= B-boy article| work= psp411.com| access-date= September 9, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091002023436/http://www.psp411.com/show/product/1163/0/BBoy.html| archive-date= October 2, 2009| url-status= dead| df= mdy-all}}</ref>
* ''[[Bust a Groove]]'' is a video game franchise whose character "Heat" specializes in breakdancing.
* ''[[Pump It Up (video game)|Pump It Up]]'' is a Korean game that requires physical movement of the feet. The game involves breakdancing and people can accomplish this feat by memorizing the steps and creating dance moves to hit the arrows on time.
* ''Breakdance Champion Red Bull BC One'' is an [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] rhythm game that focuses on the actual breakdancing competition [[Red Bull BC One]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/breakdance-champion-red-bull/id433860212?mt=8|title=Breakdance Champion Red Bull BC One, iTunes App Store|website=[[iTunes]]|access-date=November 25, 2011}}</ref>
* Floor Kids is a Nintendo Switch game released in 2017 that scores your performance based on its musicality, originality, and style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.floorkids.com/|title=Floor Kids|website=www.floorkids.com|language=en|access-date=February 25, 2018}}</ref> It received praise for its innovative controls and the [[Kid Koala]] soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.destructoid.com/review-floor-kids-479896.phtml|title=Review: Floor Kids|work=destructoid|access-date=February 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kotaku.com/floor-kids-the-breakdancing-game-for-the-switch-has-s-1823244643|title=Floor Kids, the breakdancing game for the Switch, has some A++++ music by Kid Koala. Who is not only|last=Plunkett|first=Luke|work=Kotaku|access-date=February 25, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
*In the long-running [[Yakuza (series)|Yakuza]] video game franchise, [[Goro Majima]]'s Breaker fighting style heavily relies on movements and techniques derived from break dancing.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book | author = Steven Hager | title = Hip Hop: The Illustrated History of Break Dancing, Rap Music, and Graffiti | publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]] | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-0-312-37317-7 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/hiphopillustrate00hage | author-link = Steven Hager }}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Breakdance|B-boying}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110613235057/http://www.globaldarkness.com/articles/history%20of%20breaking.htm History of B-boying]
* [http://www.thebboyspot.com/ B-boy community and news outlet]
* [http://www.bboyworld.com/ B-boying media source]
* [http://www.hiphoparea.com/breakdance/what-does-it-mean-to-be-a-b-boy.html Breakdance: What does it mean to be a B-Boy]
{{African-American dance}}
{{B-boying}}
{{hiphop}}
{{Dance}}
{{Street dance}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Breakdance| ]]
[[Category:Street dance]]
[[Category:Hip hop dance]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{short description|Style of street dance}}
{{Redirect|Breakdance}}
{{Redirect|B-girl}}
{{Redirect|B boy|other uses|B Boy (disambiguation)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox dance
|title = Breaking/Bboying
|image = Breakdancer - Faneuil Hall.jpg
|imagesize =
|alt =
|caption = A breakdancer performing outside [[Faneuil Hall]], Boston, United States
|genre = [[Hip-hop dance]]
|signature =
|inventor = Street dancers
|year = Early 1970s
|origin = New York City
}}
[[File:The guys break dancing in the street near the mall.webm|thumb|Breaking in the street, 2013]]
[[File:A_breakdancer_performing_in_Cologne,_2017_(2_of_2).jpg|thumb|A breakdancer standing on his head in Cologne, Germany, 2017]]
'''Breaking''', also called '''b-boying''', '''b-girling''' or '''breakdancing''', is a style of [[street dance]] developed by [[African Americans|African American]] and [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]] communities in [[The Bronx]], [[New York City]], United States.
Breakdancing consists mainly of four kinds of movement—[[toprock]], [[downrock]], [[power move]]s, and [[Freeze (b-boy move)|freezes]]—and is typically set to songs containing drum [[Break (music)|breaks]], especially in [[funk]], [[soul music|soul]], and [[hip-hop music|hip-hop]]. Its modern dance elements originated among the poor youth of New York during the early 1970s.<ref name="Chang 2007 58–65">{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Jeff |date=2007 |title=It's a Hip-Hop World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25462232 |journal=Foreign Policy |issue=163 |pages=58–65 |jstor=25462232 |issn=0015-7228}}</ref> It is tied to the birth of hip-hop, whose DJs developed rhythmic breaks for dancers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the Bronx to the world: The birth and evolution of hip-hop |url=https://www.redbull.com/ie-en/history-of-hip-hop |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Red Bull |language=en}}</ref>
The dance form has i cum on you expanded globally, with an array of organizations and independent competitions supporting its growth. Breaking will become an Olympic sport at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in [[Paris]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2023 |title=2024 Paris Summer Olympics will feature breakdancing |url=https://news.yahoo.com/2024-paris-summer-olympics-feature-222325474.html |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=Yahoo! News}}</ref> per a December 7, 2020 decision by the [[International Olympic Committee]], after a proposal by the [[World DanceSport Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Breaking officially added to Olympic Games Paris 2024 |url=https://www.worlddancesport.org/News/WDSF/Breaking_officially_added_to_Olympic_Games_Paris_2024-3147 |website=www.worlddancesport.org}}</ref>
== Terminology ==
The origin of the term "breakdance" is unknown. It was used by hiphop pioneer [[Kurtis Blow]] in a 1980 profile by [[Bill Adler]] in the ''[[New York Daily News]]''.<ref name="Adler-1980">{{Cite news |last=Adler |first=Bill |date=November 12, 1980 |title=Kurtis Blow: rapped up in success |pages=M12 |work=New York Daily News}}</ref> The term is frequently used to refer to the dance in popular culture and in the mainstream entertainment industry. The term "breakdancing" has become an [[umbrella term]] that includes California-based dance styles such as [[popping]], [[Locking (dance)|locking]], and [[Electric boogaloo (dance)|electric boogaloo]], in addition to the New York-based b-boying.<ref name="Schloss">{{cite book |author=Schloss, Joseph |title=Foundation: B-boys, B-girls, And Hip-Hop Culture In New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009}}</ref>{{Rp|60}}<ref name="brk">{{cite book |last=Rivera |first=Raquel |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781403960443 |title=New York Ricans from the Hip Hop Zone |publisher=Palgrave MacMillan |year=2003 |isbn=1-4039-6043-7 |location=New York City |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781403960443/page/72 72] |chapter=It's Just Begun: The 1970s and Early 1980s |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Freeman |first=Santiago |date=July 1, 2009 |title=Planet Funk |publisher=Dance Spirit Magazine |url=http://www.dancespirit.com/articles/2177 |url-status=dead |access-date=September 9, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101121154332/http://dancespirit.com/articles/2177 |archive-date=November 21, 2010}}</ref><ref name="best" />
A practitioner of this dance is called a '''b-boy''', '''b-girl''', '''breakdancer''', or '''breaker'''. The terms "b-boy" ("break-boy"), "b-girl" ("break-girl"), and "breaker" were the original terms used to describe the dancers who performed to [[DJ Kool Herc]]'s breakbeats. The obvious connection of the term "breaking" is to the word "[[breakbeat]]".{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} DJ Kool Herc has said that the term "breaking" was 1970s slang for "getting excited", "acting energetically" or "causing a disturbance".<ref>Kool Herc, in Israel (director), The Freshest Kids, QD3, 2002.</ref>
Most pioneers and notable practitioners prefer the older terms "b-boying" and "breaking".<ref name="freshest">{{cite video |title=The Freshest Kids: A History of the B-Boy |medium=DVD |publisher=QD3 Entertainment |year=2002 |location=USA |people=Israel (director)}}</ref><ref name="globe">{{cite news |author=Adam Mansbach |date=May 24, 2009 |title=The ascent of hip-hop: A historical, cultural, and aesthetic study of b-boying (book review of Joseph Schloss' "Foundation") |work=The Boston Globe |url=http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2009/05/24/the_ascent_of_hip_hop/}}</ref> Frosty Freeze of the [[Rock Steady Crew]] has said, "We were known as b-boys"; hip-hop pioneer [[Afrika Bambaataa]] has said, "B-boys, [are] what you call break boys...or b-girls, what you call break girls."<ref name="freshest" /> Co-founder of Rock Steady Crew Santiago "Jo Jo" Torres, Rock Steady Crew member Marc "Mr. Freeze" Lemberger, hip-hop historian [[Fab 5 Freddy]], and rappers [[Big Daddy Kane]]<ref>Edwards, Paul, 2009, ''[[How to Rap]]: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC'', Chicago Review Press, p. 302</ref> and [[Tech N9ne]]<ref>Edwards, Paul, 2009, ''How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC'', Chicago Review Press, p. 293.</ref> use the term "b-boy".<ref name="freshest" />
Some enthusiasts consider "breakdancing" an ignorant, and even pejorative, term.<ref>{{cite web |last=Spot |first=The Bboy |title=History of the word "Breakdancing" by Crazy Legs |url=http://www.thebboyspot.com/history-of-the-word-breakdancing-by-crazy-legs |access-date=September 30, 2015}}</ref> Others use it to derogatorily refer to [[Dance studio|studio]]-trained dancers who can perform the moves but who do not live a "b-boy lifestyle".<ref name="Schloss" />{{Rp|61}} Still others use the term "breakdancer" to disparage those who learn the dance for personal gain rather than for commitment to the culture.<ref name="Schloss" />{{Rp|61}} Many accuse the media of presenting a simplified<ref>{{cite book |last=Fuhrer |first=Margaret |title=American Dance |publisher=Voyageur |year=2014 |location=Minneapolis |pages=253}}</ref> version of the dance that focuses on "tricks" instead of culture.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fogarty |first=Mary |title=What Ever Happened to Breakdancing?': Transnational B-Boy/b-Girl Networks, Underground Video Magazines and Imagined Affinities. |publisher=[[Library and Archives Canada]] |year=2008 |location=Ottawa}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Source
! Quote
! Citation
|-
|[[Kurtis Blow]]
|But it was in his secret identity as a B-boy (B for Beat) during after-school hours that Kurtis really shined. "I was the best dancer at the school " he claimed. "When I was 15 I used to go down to Nell Gwinn's[sic] and do that frantic Breakdance- the fancy, fancy footwork to the funky, funky music- and I would have the crowd in the palm of my hand."
|<ref name="Adler-1980" />
|-
|Richard "[[Crazy Legs (dancer)|Crazy Legs]]" Colon;<br /> [[Rock Steady Crew]]
| "When I first learned about the dance in 1977 it was called b-boying... by the time the media got a hold of it in like '81, '82, it became 'break-dancing' and I even got caught up calling it break-dancing too."
|<ref name=freshest />
|-
|[[Michael Holman (filmmaker)|Michael Holman]], [[New York City Breakers]]
|"Maybe what [[Crazy Legs (dancer)|Legs]] is doing is saying "I want to reeducate the marketplace and make them see that everything that came before was 'breakdancing' and what's going on now is 'b-boying.' And it's all under ''my'' control and auspices and whim and whatever." And so it's a cleansing; it's like an etymological purging....But it's smart, because it's a paradigm shift in which he now is not just a player but is a kingmaker. A kingpin."
|<ref name="Schloss" />{{Rp|62}}
|-
|[[Mandalit del Barco]], journalist
|"Breakdancing may have died, but the b-boy, one of four original elements of hip hop (also included: the MC, the DJ, and the graffiti artist) lives on. To those who knew it before it was tagged with the name breakdancing, to those still involved in the scene that they will always know as b-boying, the tradition is alive and, well, spinning."
|<ref name=npr>{{cite web |title=Breakdancing, Present at the Creation |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1151638 |date=October 14, 2002 |work=NPR.org |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=May 28, 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100421203635/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1151638| archive-date= April 21, 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Foundation (b-boy book)|''Foundation'']], by Joseph Schloss
| "In addition to its general association with commercialism, the term breakdancing is also problematic on a more practical level. Unlike b-boying, which refers to a specific dance form that developed in New York City in the '70s, breakdancing is often used as an umbrella term that includes not only b-boying, but also popping, locking, boogalooing, and other so-called funk-style dances that originated in California."
|<ref name="Schloss" />{{Rp|60}}
|-
|[[The Electric Boogaloos]]
|"In the 80's when streetdancing [sic] blew up, the media often incorrectly used the term 'breakdancing' as an umbrella term for most the streetdancing [sic] styles that they saw. What many people didn't know was [that] within these styles, other sub-cultures existed, each with their own identities. Breakdancing, or b-boying as it is more appropriately known as, is known to have its roots in the east coast and was heavily influenced by break beats and hip hop."
|<ref>{{cite web |title='Funk Styles' History And Knowledge |url=http://www.electricboogaloos.com/knowledge.html |year=2008 |work=ElectricBoogaloos.com |access-date=August 24, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209040518/http://www.electricboogaloos.com/knowledge.html |archive-date=February 9, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Popin Pete|Timothy "Popin' Pete" Solomon]];<br /> [[Electric Boogaloos]]
|"An important thing to clarify is that the term 'Break dancing' is wrong, I read that in many magazines but that is a media term. The correct term is 'Breakin', people who do it are B-Boys and B-Girls. The term 'Break dancing' has to be thrown out of the dance vocabulary."
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Klopman |first=Alan |date=January 1, 2007 |url=http://www.dance.com/mag/january-2007/86/hiphop-jan-2007/760/ |title=Interview with Popin Pete & Mr. Wiggles at Monsters of Hip Hop – July 7–9, 2006, Orlando, Fl. |work=DancerUniverse.com |publisher=Dancer Publishing |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116221035/http://www.dance.com/mag/january-2007/86/hiphop-jan-2007/760/ |archive-date=November 16, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Hip-Hop Dance Conservatory
|"Breaking or b-boying is generally misconstrued or incorrectly termed as 'breakdancing'. Breakdancing is a term spawned from the loins of the media's [[wikt:philistinism|philistinism]], [[wikt:sciolism|sciolism]], and naïveté at that time. With no true knowledge of the hip-hop diaspora but with an ineradicable need to define it for the [[wikt:nescient|nescient]] masses, the term breakdancing was born. Most breakers take great offense to the term."
|<ref>{{cite web |title=About HDC |url=http://www.hdcny.com/wst_page2.html |work=HDCNY.com |access-date=October 9, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203232317/http://www.hdcny.com/wst_page2.html |archive-date=February 3, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[Jeff Chang (journalist)|Jeff Chang]]
|"During the 1970s, an array of dances practiced by black and Latino kids sprang up in the inner cities of New York and California. The styles had a dizzying list of names: 'uprock' in Brooklyn, 'locking' in Los Angeles, 'boogaloo' and 'popping' in Fresno, and 'strutting' in San Francisco and Oakland. When these dances gained notice in the mid-'80s outside of their geographic contexts, the diverse styles were lumped together under the tag 'break dancing'.
|<ref name=best />
|-
|[[American Heritage Dictionary]]
|
*"b-boy (bē′boi′) ''n''. A man or boy who engages in b-boying. [b-, probably short for BREAK (from the danceable breaks in funk recordings from which turntablists make breakbeat music to which b-boying is done ) + BOY.]"
*"break dancing also break·danc·ing (brāk dăn′sĭng) ''n''. A form of nonrhythmic urban dance characterized by acrobatic and gymnastic movements."
*"break·ing (brā kĭng) ''n''. A form of urban dance involving styles such as locking, popping, and b-boying, usually performed to funk music. Also called break dancing."
|<ref>{{cite web |title=b-boy |url=http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=b-boy |work=AHDictionary.com |access-date=December 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=b-boy |url=http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=breakdancing |work=AHDictionary.com |access-date=December 10, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=b-boy |url=http://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=breaking |work=AHDictionary.com |access-date=December 10, 2012}}</ref>
|}
== History ==
{{See also|History of hip hop dance|l2=History of hip hop dance}}
[[File:The_Rob_Roy_on_the_Baltic-_A_Canoe_Cruise_through_Norway,_Sweden,_Denmark,_Sleswig,_Holste,_the_Northe_Sea_and_the_Baltic,_with_numerous_illustrations,_Maps_and_Music_(IA_dli.granth.72776).pdf#page=144|thumb|page=144|"Salmon polka" in ''The Rob Roy on the Baltic''.|alt=A book page with an engraving of a white man jumping with a leg up, a leg down and his head at the height of his downwards knee.]]
[[File:Downrock.jpg|thumb|right|A breaker practicing [[downrock]] at a [[dance studio|studio]] in Moscow]]
Many elements of breaking developed before the 1970s. Even Colonial American dances such as the [[minuet]], [[Juba dance|Juba]], the [[quadrille]], and the [[waltz]] have may have contributed elements. The Juba, for example, is an African dance where men had dance circles where one man at a time would go and dance, similar to modern-day breaking. This dance also inspired competition, also seen in breakdancing, because better treatment would be given to the slave who intrigued their master.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203642191/joint-mark-anthony-neal-murray-forman |title=That's the Joint!: The Hip-Hop Studies Reader |date=2004-09-16 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-64219-1 |editor1=Murray Forman |editor2=Mark Anthony Neal |location=New York |doi=10.4324/9780203642191}}</ref> In the 1877 book ''Rob Roy on the Baltic'',<ref name="Macgregor">{{cite book |last1=Macgregor |first1=J. |title=The Rob Roy on the Baltic: A Canoe Cruise through Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Sleswig, Holste, the Northe Sea and the Baltic, with numerous illustrations, Maps and Music |date=1867 |publisher=Sampson Low, Son and Marston (London) |page=123 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.72776/page/123/mode/2up |access-date=1 March 2023}}</ref> [[John MacGregor (sportsman)|John MacGregor]] describes seeing near [[Norrköping]] a "young man quite alone, who was practicing over and over the most inexplicable leap in the air...he swung himself up, and then round on his hand for a point, when his upper leg described a great circle." The engraving shows a young man apparently breakdancing. The dance was called the {{lang|no|Giesse Harad Polska}} or "salmon district dance". In 1894, Thomas Edison filmed Walter Wilkins, Denny Toliver, and Joe Rastus dancing and performing a "breakdown".<ref>{{cite video |date=October 6, 1894 |title=The Pickaninny Dance |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-rU28Jc3JU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/4-rU28Jc3JU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|format=MP4 |medium=MP4 |publisher=Edison Manufacturing Company. |access-date=December 3, 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=The Pickaninny Dance, from the 'Passing Show' |website=[[IMDb]]|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0285903}}</ref> Then in 1898 he filmed a young street dancer performing acrobatic headspins.<ref>{{cite video |date=April 21, 1898 |title=A Street Arab |url=http://memory.loc.gov/mbrs/lcmp002/m2a32868.mpg |format=MPG |medium=MPG |publisher=Thomas A. Edison Inc. |access-date=November 10, 2009}}</ref> Some authors claim that breakdancing and [[capoeira]] have common African origin, while others claim that capoeira directly influenced breaking.<ref>[https://www.google.rs/books/edition/Capoeira/c1AGqA1S-lAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=capoeira+breakdancing&pg=PA165&printsec=frontcover Capoeira: The Jogo de Angola from Luanda to Cyberspace, Volume Two, pp. 165]</ref> There is also evidence of a similar style of dancing in Kaduna, Nigeria, in 1959.<ref>{{cite AV media|title=Celebratory Dancing, Kaduna, Northern Nigeria, 1959. Archive film 98275|publisher=Huntley Film Archives|location=Nigeria|date=1959|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIdC09KYlJU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/IIdC09KYlJU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live}}{{cbignore}}</ref> B-boy pioneers Richard "Crazy Legs" Colon and Kenneth "Ken Swift" Gabbert, both of Rock Steady Crew, cite James Brown and Kung Fu films (notably Bruce Lee films) as influences. Many of the acrobatic moves, such as the [[Flare (acrobatic move)|flare]], show clear connections to gymnastics.
However, it was not until the 1970s that breakdancing developed as a defined dance style in the United States. These precursing elements began to take form in the early 1970s, as breaking began to grow at parties featuring DJs and instrumental records.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-28 |title=Don't Call it Breakdancing: The Origin Story of Breaking In Milwaukee |url=https://www.milwaukeemag.com/dont-call-breakdancing-breakings-milwaukee-origin-story/ |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Milwaukee Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> It was at these parties that [[DJ Kool Herc]], a Bronx based DJ pioneer, developed rhythmic breakdown sections by simultaneously switching between two copies of the same record, creating “[[Break (music)|breaks]]”.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schloss |first=Joseph G. |date=2006 |title="Like Old Folk Songs Handed Down from Generation to Generation": History, Canon, and Community in B-Boy Culture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174468 |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=420 |doi=10.2307/20174468 |jstor=20174468 |issn=0014-1836}}</ref> By looping the records and their simultaneous breaks, he was able to prolong the break and provide a rhythmic and improvisational base for dancers:<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-05 |title=Hip Hop is born at a birthday party in the Bronx — History.com This Day in History — 8/11/1973 |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hip-hop-is-born-at-a-birthday-party-in-the-bronx |access-date=2022-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005093506/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hip-hop-is-born-at-a-birthday-party-in-the-bronx |archive-date=October 5, 2012 }}</ref> Herc tells [[Jeff Chang (journalist)|Jeff Chang]] in his book [[Can't Stop Won't Stop (book)|Can't Stop Won't Stop (2005)]], “And once they heard that, that was it, wasn't no turning back. They always wanted to hear breaks after breaks after breaks after breaks."<ref name="csws" />
Breaking prompted dance battles and dance sessions known as "cyphers", competitive circles in which participants took turns dancing while surrounded by onlookers. The [[Five-Percent Nation]] first used the term “cypher” to denote circles of people.<ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=Imani Kai |last2=ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ |first2=ﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﻱ |date=2011 |title=B-Boying and Battling in a Global Context: The Discursive Life of Difference in Hip Hop Dance / ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺻﺮﺍﻋﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﻲ: ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻗﺺ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺐ ﻫﻮﺏ |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23216052 |journal=Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics |issue=31 |pages=173–195 |jstor=23216052 |issn=1110-8673}}</ref> Crews including the [[Rock Steady Crew]] or Mighty Zulu Kingz began to form, in response to the growth of competitive cyphers which sometimes featured cash-prizes, titles, and bragging rights.<ref name="jstor.org"/>
=== Uprock ===
Breaking started as [[toprock]], footwork-oriented dance moves performed standing up, but as dance crews began to experiment, a separate dance form known as uprock further influenced breaking.<ref name="Schloss 2006 411–432">{{Cite journal |last=Schloss |first=Joseph G. |date=2006 |title="Like Old Folk Songs Handed Down from Generation to Generation": History, Canon, and Community in B-Boy Culture |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174468 |journal=Ethnomusicology |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=411–432 |doi=10.2307/20174468 |jstor=20174468 |issn=0014-1836}}</ref> [[Uprock]], also known as Brooklyn uprock, is a more aggressive dance style commonly performed between two partners that feature intricate footwork and hitting motions, mimicking a fight.<ref name="csws" /> As a separate dance style, it never gained the same widespread popularity as breakdancing, except for some very specific moves adopted by breakers who use it as a variation for their toprock.<ref name="csws">{{cite book |last=Chang |first=Jeff |url=https://archive.org/details/cantstopwontstop00chang |title=Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation |publisher=St. Martin's Press |year=2005 |isbn= |location=New York |pages=21 |author-link=Jeff Chang (journalist) |url-access=registration}}</ref> Uprock is also stated to have roots in gangs, as an expressive medium used to settle turf disputes, with the winner deciding the location of a future battle.<ref name="Schloss 2006 411–432"/> Although some disagree that breakdancing ever played a part in mediating gang rivalry, the early growth of breaking still primarily served to assist the poor youth of the Bronx to stray away from gang violence and rather expel their time towards an artistic dance.<ref name="Chang 2007 58–65"/> One example is former gang leader [[Afrika Bambaataa]], who hosted hip-hop parties and vowed to specifically use hip-hop to support children away from gang violence. He would eventually form the [[Universal Zulu Nation]] to further his message.<ref name="Chang 2007 58–65"/>
Some breakers argue that because uprock was originally a separate dance style it should never be mixed with breakdancing and that the uprock moves performed by breakers today are not the original moves but imitations that only show a small part of the original uprock style.<ref>{{cite web|author=Coudntpickname |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gapNNMWM82k |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gapNNMWM82k |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|title=Bboy/Bgirl Foundations: Toprock |publisher=YouTube |date=January 1, 2007 |access-date=November 8, 2011}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In the music video for 1985's hit single "[[I Wonder If I Take You Home]]", [[Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam]]'s drummer Mike Hughes can be seen "rocking" (doing uprock) at 1:24 when viewed on [[YouTube]].
== Worldwide expansion ==
This section describes the development of breakdancing throughout the world. Countries are sorted alphabetically.
=== Brazil ===
Ismael Toledo was one of the first breakers in Brazil.<ref name=toledo>{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Greg |title=São Paulo's Original B-Boy |url=http://www.werclassic.com/en-US/articles/11-04-01/São_Paulo_s_Original_B-Boy.aspx |work=WeRClassic.com |access-date=May 8, 2012 |date=April 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510210159/http://www.werclassic.com/en-US/articles/11-04-01/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_s_Original_B-Boy.aspx |archive-date=May 10, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1984, he moved to the United States to study dance.<ref name=toledo /> While in the U.S. he discovered breakdancing and ended up meeting breaker [[Crazy Legs (dancer)|Crazy Legs]] who personally mentored him for the four years that followed.<ref name=toledo /> After becoming proficient in breakdancing, he moved back to São Paulo and started to organize crews and enter international competitions.<ref name=toledo /> He eventually opened a hip-hop dance studio called the Hip-Hop Street College.<ref name=toledo />
=== Cambodia ===
Born in Thailand and raised in the United States, Tuy "KK" Sobil started a community center called Tiny Toones in [[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]] in 2005 where he uses dancing, hip-hop music, and art to teach Cambodian youth language skills, computer skills, and life skills (hygiene, sex education, counseling). His organization helps roughly 5,000 youths each year. One of these youths include Diamond, who is regarded as Cambodia's first b-girl.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dwyer |first=Alex |title=Samsonite Man: Breaking The Cycle With Cambodia, Crips & Education |url=http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/editorials/id.1857/title.samsonite-man-breaking-the-cycle-with-cambodia-crips-education |work=HipHopDX.com |date=February 19, 2012 |access-date=July 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011092048/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/editorials/id.1857/title.samsonite-man-breaking-the-cycle-with-cambodia-crips-education/ |archive-date=October 11, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.tinytoones.org/about/history/ |work=TinyToones.org |access-date=July 26, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120711132545/http://www.tinytoones.org/about/history/ |archive-date=July 11, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Canada ===
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2021}}
[[File:Ottawa_youth_breakdance_during_Canada_150_celebrations.jpg|thumb|[[Ottawa]] Youth breakdancing during [[Canada 150]] Celebrations]]
There are several ways breakdancing came to Canada. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, films such as [[Breakin'|''Breakin{{'}}'' (1984)]], ''[[Beat Street]]'' (1984), and the immigration of people from [[Chicago]], [[New York City|New York]], [[Detroit]], [[Seattle]], and [[Los Angeles]] introduced dance styles from the United States. Breakdancing expanded in Canada from there, with crews like Canadian Floormasters taking over the 80's scene, and New Energy opening for James Brown in 1984 at the Paladium in Montreal. Leading into the 90's, crews like Bag of Trix, Rakunz, Intrikit, Contents Under Pressure, Supernaturalz, Boogie Brats, and Red Power Squad, led the scene throughout the rest of the past two decades and counting.
=== France ===
Breakdancing took off in France in the early 1980s with the creation of groups such as the Paris City Breakers (who styled themselves after the well-known [[New York City Breakers]]). In 1984, France became the first country in the world to have a regularly and nationally broadcast television show about Hip Hop—hosted by [[Sidney Duteil]]—with a focus on Hip Hop dance.<ref>{{cite book|title = Between New York and Paris: Hip Hop and the Transnational Politics of Race, Culture, and Citizenship|last = Meghelli|first = Samir|publisher = Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University|year = 2012|location = New York, NY}}</ref> This show led to the explosion of Hip Hop dance in France, with many new crews appearing on the scene.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Global Cipha: Hip Hop Culture and Consciousness|author1=Spady, James G. |author2=Alim, H. Samy |author3=Meghelli, Samir |publisher = Black History Museum Press|year = 2006|isbn = 978-0-9671741-1-2|location = Philadelphia, PA}}</ref>
=== Japan ===
Breakdancing in Japan was introduced in 1983 following the release of the movie [[Wild Style]]. The release of the movie was accompanied by a tour by the Rock Steady Crew and many Japanese were captivated. Other movies such as [[Flashdance]] followed and furthered the breakdance craze. Crazy-A, the leader of the Tokyo chapter of the Rock Steady Crew,<ref name=jhop /> was dragged to see Flashdance by his then girlfriend and walked out captivated by the dance form and became one its earliest and one of the most influential breakers in Japanese history. Groups began to spring up as well, with early groups such as Tokyo B-Boys, Dynamic Rock Force (American kids from Yokota AB), B-5 Crew, and Mystic Movers popping up in [[Harajuku]]. The breakdancing community in Japan found a home in Tokyo's [[Yoyogi Park]]<ref name=jhop>{{cite web |last=Condry |first=Ian |title=Japanese Hip-Hop |url=http://web.mit.edu/condry/www/jhh/ |work=mit.edu |publisher=MIT |access-date=September 9, 2009 |archive-date=April 22, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110422085327/http://web.mit.edu/condry/www/jhh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> in Harajuku, which still remains an active area for breakdancers and hip-hop enthusiasts. As hip-hop continued to grow in Japan, so did breakdancing and the breakdancing communities. Following the introduction of international breakdancing competitions, Japan began to compete and were praised for their agility and precision, yet they were criticized in the beginning for lacking originality. The Japanese began to truly flourish on the international stage following the breakdancing career of Taisuke Nonaka, known simply as Taisuke. Taisuke began to dominate the international scene and led the Japanese team Floorriorz to win the BOTY in 2015 against crew Kienjuice from Belarus. Despite Taisuke's successful career in group competitions, he failed to win the solo Red Bull BC One competition, an individual breakdancing championship that had continued to evade Japanese bboys. The first Japanese to win the BC One competition became Bboy Issei in 2016. Issei is widely regarded by many as the best Japanese breakdancer currently and in the eyes of some, the best worldwide. Female bboys, or "bgirls", are also prevalent in Japan and following the introduction of a female BC One competition in 2018, Japanese bgirl Ami Yuasa became the first female champion. Notable Japanese bboy crews include FoundNation, Body Carnival, and the Floorriorz. Notable Japanese bgirl crews include Queen of Queens, Body Carnival, and Nishikasai.
=== South Korea ===
Breakdancing was first introduced to South Korea by American soldiers shortly after its surge of popularity in the U.S. during the 1980s, but it was not until the late 1990s that the culture and dance took hold.<ref>{{cite news|first=Charles |last=Usher |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2011/0705/South-Korea-World-breakdancing-capital |title=South Korea: World breakdancing capital? |work=Christian Science Monitor |date=July 5, 2011 |access-date=November 8, 2011}}</ref> 1997 is known as the "Year Zero of Korean breaking".<ref name=best>{{cite web |url=http://cantstopwontstop.com/reader/worlds-best/ |title=The World's Best Dance Crew :: How Korean B-Boys Conquered Planet Rock « Can't Stop Won't Stop |publisher=Cantstopwontstop.com |date=June 26, 2008 |access-date=November 8, 2011 |archive-date=October 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008085840/http://cantstopwontstop.com/reader/worlds-best/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A [[Korean-American]] hip hop promoter named John Jay Chon was visiting his family in Seoul and while he was there, he met a crew named Expression Crew in a club. He gave them a [[VHS tape]] of a Los Angeles breakdancing competition called Radiotron.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rivera |first=Selene |date=2022-11-10 |title=An immigrant's dream makes an iconic Boyle Heights music venue flow with 'body rhythm' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-11-10/the-paramount-boyle-heights-music-venue-frank-acevedo |access-date=2022-11-11 |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}</ref> A year later when he returned, Chon found that his video and others like his had been copied and dubbed numerous times, and were feeding an ever-growing breaker community.
In 2002, Korea's Expression Crew won the prestigious international breakdancing competition [[Battle of the Year]], exposing the skill of the country's breakers to the rest of the world. Since then, the Korean government has capitalized on the popularity of the dance and has promoted it alongside Korean culture. [[R-16 Korea]] is the most well-known government-sponsored breakdancing event, and is hosted by the [[Korea Tourism Organization]] and supported by the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism.
Famous breakdancing crews from Korea include Morning of Owl, [[Jinjo Crew]], Rivers Crew and [[Gamblerz]].
=== Soviet Union ===
In the 1980s the Soviet Union was in a state of the [[Cold War]] with the countries of the [[Western Bloc]]. Soviet people lived behind the [[Iron Curtain]], so they usually learned the new fashion trends emerging in the capitalist countries with some delay. The Soviet Union first learned of breakdancing in 1984, when videotapes of the films ''Breakin{{'}}'', ''Breakin' 2'' and ''Beat Street'' got into the country. In the USSR these movies were not released officially. They were brought home by Soviet citizens who had the opportunity to travel to Western countries (for example, by diplomats). Originally, the dance became popular in big cities: [[Moscow]] and [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], as well as in the [[Baltic states|Baltic republics]] (some citizens of these Soviet republics had the opportunity to watch Western television). The attitude of the authorities to the new dance that came from the West was negative.<ref name="DOZADO" >{{cite web|url=http://dozado.ru/30-let-pervoy-volni-breakdance-ussr-1986-2016/|title=30-летие первой волны брейкданса в СССР (1986–2016)|access-date=November 3, 2018|date=January 5, 2017|publisher=DOZADO}}</ref>
[[File:Break-dancing competition, Riga, Latvia (1986).jpg|thumb|Breakdancing performance in [[Riga]], [[Latvian SSR]], 1986]]
The situation changed in 1985 with [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] who came to power and with the beginning of the [[Perestroika]] policy. The first to legalize the new dance were dancers from the Baltic republics. They presented this dance as the "protest against the arbitrariness of the capitalists",<!-- Who is being quoted here? --> explaining that the dance was invented by Black Americans from poor neighborhoods. In 1985 the performance of Czech [[Jiří Korn]] was shown in the program "Morning Post", and became one of the first official demonstrations of breakdancing on Soviet television. With the support of the [[Komsomol|Leninist Young Communist League]] in 1986 breakdance<!-- In the Soviet Union used term "breakdance" --> festivals were held in the cities of the Baltic republics ([[Tallinn]], [[Palanga]], [[Riga]]). The next step was the spreading of the similar festivals to other Soviet republics. Festivals were held in [[Donetsk]] (Ukraine), [[Vitebsk]] (Belarus), [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]] (Russia). Breakdancing could be seen in Soviet cinema: ''Dancing on the Roof'' (1985), ''[[Courier (film)|Courier]]'' (1986), ''Publication'' (1988). By the end of the decade the dance became almost ubiquitous. At almost any disco or school dance one could see a person dancing in the "robot" style.<ref name="DOZADO" />
In the early 1990s the country experienced a severe economic and political crisis. With the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the breakdance craze was over and breakdancing became dated. The next wave of interest in breakdancing in Russia would only occur in the late 90s.<ref name="DOZADO" />
=== China ===
Although social media such as [[YouTube]] cannot be used in China, breakdancing in China has been popular. Many people copy breakdancing videos from abroad and distribute them back to the mainland. Although it is still an [[underground culture]] in China because of some restrictions, breakdancing was reported to be a growing presence in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2013/09/where-are-the-break-dancers-in-china/|title=Growing presence of B-boys and B-girls in China is slowly emerging to the dance world.|date=September 17, 2013|website=The World of Chinese|access-date=April 25, 2019|archive-date=April 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427112029/https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2013/09/where-are-the-break-dancers-in-china/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
== Dance elements ==
[[File:Bboy.ogv|thumb|right|Gravity Benders crew showcasing the four elements of breakdancing — [[toprock]], [[downrock]], [[Freeze (b-boy move)|freezes]], and [[power moves]]{{snd}} some crew choreography, and a short battle]]
There are four primary elements that form breakdancing: toprock, downrock, power moves, and freezes.
*''[[Toprock]]'' generally refers to any string of steps performed from a standing position. It is usually the first and foremost opening display of style, though dancers often transition from other aspects of breakdancing to toprock and back. Toprock has a variety of steps which can each be varied according to the dancer's expression (i.e. aggressive, calm, excited). A great deal of freedom is allowed in the definition of toprock: as long as the dancer maintains cleanliness, form, and attitude, theoretically anything can be toprock. Toprock can draw upon many other dance styles such as [[popping]], [[locking (dance)|locking]], [[tap dance]], [[Lindy hop]], or [[house dance]]. Transitions from toprock to downrock and power moves are called "drops".<ref>{{cite book |first=Jeff |last=Chang |title=Total Chaos: The Art and Aesthetics of Hip-Hop |url=https://archive.org/details/totalchaosartaes00chan |url-access=registration |year=2006 |page=[https://archive.org/details/totalchaosartaes00chan/page/20 20] |location=New York City |publisher=BasicCivitas |isbn=0-465-00909-3 |quote=The transition between top and floor rockin' was also important and became known as the 'drop'.}}</ref>
*''[[Downrock]]'' (also known as "footwork" or "floorwork") is used to describe any movement on the floor with the hands supporting the dancer as much as the feet. Downrock includes moves such as the foundational [[6-step]], and its variants such as the 3-step. The most basic of downrock is done entirely on feet and hands but more complex variations can involve the knees when ''threading'' limbs through each other.
*''[[Power moves]]'' are acrobatic moves that require [[momentum]], speed, endurance, strength, flexibility, and control to execute. The breaker is generally supported by his upper body while the rest of his body creates circular momentum. Some examples are the [[Windmill (breakdance move)|windmill]], [[Swipe (breakdance move)|swipe]], back spin, and head spin. Some power moves are borrowed from gymnastics and martial arts. An example of a power move taken from gymnastics is the [[Kurt Thomas (gymnast)|Thomas Flair]] which is shortened and spelled ''[[Flare (breakdance move)|flare]]'' in breakdancing.
*''[[Freeze (b-boy move)|Freezes]]'' are stylish poses that require the breaker to suspend himself or herself off the ground using upper body strength in poses such as the [[freeze (breakdance move)|pike]]. They are used to emphasize strong beats in the music and often signal the end of a set. Freezes can be linked into chains or "stacks" where breakers go from freeze to freeze to freeze in order to hit the beats of the music, which displays musicality and physical strength.
== Styles ==
[[File:Bboy DanceMachine.jpg|thumb|Bboy DanceMachine at the Breakfast Jam finals in Kampala, Uganda on November 19, 2016]]{{See also|Jaiva}}
There are many individual styles used in breakdancing. Individual styles often stem from a dancer's region of origin and influences. However, some people such as Jacob "Kujo" Lyons believe that the internet inhibits individual style. In a 2012 interview with ''B-Boy Magazine'' he expressed his frustration:
[[File:Breakdancer vilay.jpg|thumb|right|B-boys performing on San Francisco's Powell Street in 2008]]
[[File:Street Acrobats in DC - 2013-06-07 - 02.JPG|thumb|right|B-Boy performing ''hand hops'' in Washington D.C.]]
{{blockquote|… because everybody watches the same videos online, everybody ends up looking very similar. The differences between individual b-boys, between crews, between cities/states/countries/continents, have largely disappeared. It used to be that you could tell what city a b-boy was from by the way he danced. Not anymore. But I've been saying these things for almost a decade, and most people don't listen, but continue watching the same videos and dancing the same way. It's what I call the "international style", or the "Youtube style".<ref>{{cite web|last=Lyons|first=Jacob "Kujo"|url=http://bboymagazine.com/2012/02/krazy-kujo-interview/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206072823/http://bboymagazine.com/2012/02/krazy-kujo-interview/|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 6, 2017|title=Krazy Kujo Interview|work=B-Boy Magazine|date=February 15, 2012|access-date=March 21, 2012}}</ref>}}
Luis "Alien Ness" Martinez, the president of Mighty Zulu Kings, expressed a similar frustration in a separate interview three years earlier with "The Super B-Beat Show" about the top five things he hates in breakdancing:
{{blockquote|Oh yeah, the last thing I hate in breakin'… Yo, all y'all motherfuckin' internet b-boys... I'm an internet b-boy too, but I'm real about my shit. Everybody knows who I am, I'm out at every fucking jam, I'm in a different country every week. I tell my story dancing... I've been all around the world, y'all been all around the world wide web... [my friend] Bebe once said that shit, and I co-sign that, Bebe said that. That wasn't me but that's the realist shit I ever heard anybody say. I've been all around the world, you've been all around the world wide web.<ref>{{cite video |people=Luis "Alien Ness" Martinez (Interviewee) |date=March 2009 |url=http://vimeo.com/3821378|title=Alien Ness's TOP 5 THINGS HE HATES IN BREAKIN|publisher=Mane One|time=3:00 |access-date=March 21, 2012}}</ref>}}
Although there are some generalities in the styles that exist, many dancers combine elements of different styles with their own ideas and knowledge in order to create a unique style of their own. Breakers can therefore be categorized into a broad style, which generally showcases the same types of techniques.
* Power: This style is what most members of the general public associate with the term "breakdancing". Power moves comprise full-body spins and rotations that give the illusion of defying gravity. Examples of power moves include head spins, backspins, windmills, flares, air tracks/air flares, 1990s, 2000s, jackhammers, crickets, turtles, hand glides, halos, and elbow spins. Those breakers who use "power moves" almost exclusively in their sets are referred to as "power heads".
* Abstract: A very broad style which may include the incorporation of "threading" footwork, freestyle movement to hit beats, house dance, and "circus" styles (tricks, contortion, etc.).
* Blow-up: A style which focuses on the "wow factor" of certain power moves, freezes, and circus styles. Blowups consist of performing a sequence of as many difficult trick combinations in as quick succession as possible in order to "smack" or exceed the virtuosity of the other breaker's performance. The names of some of these moves are air baby, hollow backs, solar eclipse, and reverse air baby, among others. The main goal in blow-up style is the rapid transition through a sequence of power moves, ending in a skillful freeze or "suicide". Like freezes, a suicide is used to emphasize a strong beat in the music and signal the end to a routine. While freezes draw attention to a controlled final position, suicides draw attention to the motion of falling or losing control. B-boys or b-girls will make it appear that they have lost control and fall onto their backs, stomachs, etc. The more painful the suicide appears, the more impressive it is, but breakers execute them in a way to minimize pain.
* Flavor: A style that is based more on elaborate toprock, downrock, and/or freezes. This style is focused more on the beat and musicality of the song than having to rely on power moves only. Breakers who base their dance on "flavor" or style are known as "style heads".
== Music ==
The musical selection for breakdancing is not restricted to [[hip hop music|hip-hop music]] as long as the tempo and beat pattern conditions are met. Breakdancing can be readily adapted to different music genres with the aid of [[remix]]ing. The original songs that popularized the dance form borrow significantly from progressive genres of [[funk]], [[soul music|soul]], [[disco]], [[Electro music|electro]], and [[jazz funk]]. A musical canon of these traditional b-boy songs have since developed, songs that were once expected to be played at every b-boying event.<ref name="Schloss 2006 411–432"/> As the dance form grew, this standardization of classic songs prompted innovation of dance moves and break beats that reimagined the standard melodies. These songs include [[Give It Up or Turnit a Loose|“Give It Up or Turn It a Loose”]] by James Brown, [[Apache (instrumental)|“Apache”]] by the Incredible Bongo Band, and [[The Mexican (song)|"The Mexican"]] by Babe Ruth to name a few.<ref name="Schloss 2006 411–432"/><ref>Francois Marchand, [https://vancouversun.com/news/Breaking+down+Apache+with+video/9172364/story.html "Breaking down Apache (with video): New film Sample This examines 'national anthem of hip-hop' recorded in Vancouver"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629022319/http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Breaking+down+Apache+with+video/9172364/story.html |date=June 29, 2016 }}, ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'', December 19, 2019.</ref>
The most common feature of breakdance music exists in musical [[Break (music)|breaks]], or compilations formed from [[Sampling (music)|samples]] taken from different songs which are then looped and chained together by the DJ. The tempo generally ranges between 110 and 135 beats per minute with [[shuffle note|shuffled]] [[Sixteenth note|sixteenth]] and [[Quarter note|quarter]] beats in the percussive pattern. History credits DJ [[Kool Herc]] for the invention of this concept<ref name = csws /> later termed the [[Break (music)#Break beat|break beat]].
== Major competitions ==
{{See also|Hip-hop dance#International competitions|International B-Boy Championships}}
* '''[[Battle of the Year]]''' (BOTY) was founded in 1990 by Thomas Hergenröther in Germany.<ref name=about>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/about.html |work=BraunBattleoftheYear.com |access-date=July 20, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925173701/http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/about.html |archive-date=September 25, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the first and largest international breakdancing competition for breakdance crews.<ref>{{cite news |last=Walker |first=Susan |title=Wide world of break-dancing sports |work=[[Toronto Star]] |issn=0319-0781 |date=May 30, 2008}}</ref> BOTY holds regional qualifying tournaments in several countries such as Zimbabwe, Japan, Israel, Algeria, Indonesia, and [[Battle of the Year#Qualification and Preliminaries|the Balkans]]. Crews who win these tournaments go on to compete in the final championship in [[Montpellier]], France.<ref name=about /> BOTY was featured in the independent documentary ''[[Planet B-Boy]]'' (2007) that filmed five dance crews training for the 2005 championship. A [[3D film]] ''Battle of the Year'' was released in January 2013. It was directed by Benson Lee who also directed ''Planet B-Boy''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meeting the Dream Team |url=http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/news/news/date/2012/05/21/meeting-the-dream-team.html |work=BraunBattleOfTheYear.com |access-date=June 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724060350/http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/news/news/date/2012/05/21/meeting-the-dream-team.html |archive-date=July 24, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''[[International Breakdance Event|The Notorious IBE]]''' is a Dutch-based breakdancing competition founded in 1998.<ref name=style>{{cite web |title=The Notorious IBE 2009 |url=http://www.style43.com/news/2009/09/14/the-notorious-ibe-2009/ |work=Style43.com |access-date=October 8, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419231054/http://www.style43.com/news/2009/09/14/the-notorious-ibe-2009/ |archive-date=April 19, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> IBE (International Breakdance Event) is not a traditional competition because there are not any stages or judges. Instead, there are timed competitive events that take place in large multitiered ciphers—circular dance spaces surrounded by observers—where the winners are determined by audience approval.<ref name=style /> There are several kinds of events such as the b-girl crew battle, the Seven 2 Smoke battle (eight top ranked breakers battle each other to determine the overall winner), the All vs. All continental battle (all the American breakers vs. all the European breakers vs. the Asian breakers vs. Mexican/Brazilian breakers), and the Circle Prinz IBE.<ref name=style /> The Circle Prinz IBE is a knockout tournament that takes place in multiple smaller cipher battles until the last standing breaker is declared the winner.<ref name=style /> IBE also hosts the European finals for the UK B-Boy Championships.<ref>{{cite book |title=B-Boy Championships: From Bronx to Brixton |author=DJ Hooch |year=2011 |publisher=Virgin Books |location=London |isbn=978-0-7535-4001-5 |pages=185}}</ref>
* '''[[Chelles Battle Pro]]''' was created in 2001 and it is held every year in [[Chelles, Seine-et-Marne|Chelles, France]]. There are two competitions. One is a kids competition for solo breakers who are 12 years old or younger. The other competition is a knock-out tournament for eight breaker crews. Some crews have to qualify at their country's local tournament; others are invited straight to the finale.<ref>{{cite web |date=March 14, 2013 |title=Report du Chelles Battle Pro #2 – L'édition 2013 vue de l'intérieur |url=http://www.urban-culture.fr/actualites/report-photo-du-chelles-battle-pro-2.html |work=Urban-Culture.fr |access-date=February 28, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228203514/http://www.urban-culture.fr/actualites/report-photo-du-chelles-battle-pro-2.html |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |language=fr |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''[[Red Bull BC One]]''' was created in 2004 by [[Red Bull GmbH|Red Bull]] and is hosted in a different country every year.<ref name=redbull /> The competition brings together the top 16 breakers from around the world.<ref name=redbull>{{cite web |title=About the Red Bull BC One |url=http://www.redbullbcone.com/about |work=RedBullBCOne.com |access-date=September 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210001003/http://www.redbullbcone.com/about |archive-date=February 10, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Six spots are earned through six regional qualifying tournaments. The other 10 spots are reserved for last year's winner, wild card selections, and recommendations from an international panel of experts. A past participant of the competition is world record holder Mauro "Cico" (pronounced CHEE-co) Peruzzi. B-boy Cico holds the world record in the 1990s. A 1990 is a move in which a breaker spins continuously on one hand—a hand spin rather than a head spin. Cico broke the record by spinning 27 times.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cico |url=http://www.prodance.co.uk/CICO |work=ProDance.co.uk |access-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221014428/http://www.prodance.co.uk/CICO |archive-date=December 21, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Red Bull BC One – B-Boy Cico |url=http://redbullbcone.com/profile/cico |work=RedBullBCOne.com |access-date=August 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209045304/http://www.redbullbcone.com/profile/cico |archive-date=February 9, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A documentary based on the competition called ''Turn It Loose'' (2009) profiled six breakdancers' training for the 2007 championship in Johannesburg.<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.turnitloosemovie.com/about |work=TurnItLoose.com |access-date=October 9, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020105247/http://www.turnitloosemovie.com/about |archive-date=October 20, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Two of these breakdancers were Ali "[[B-boy Lilou|Lilou]]" Ramdani from Pockémon Crew and Omar "[[Roxrite]]" Delgado from Squadron.
[[File:R16 cypher.jpg|thumb|right|A breakdancer does an ''[[Airflare|air-flare]]'' in a cypher at R16 Korea 2014]]
* '''[[R-16 Korea|R16 Korea]]''' is a South Korean breakdancing competition founded in 2007 by Asian Americans Charlie Shin and John Jay Chon.<ref name=asiamerica>{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Jeff |author-link=Jeff Chang (journalist) |title=So you think they can break-dance? |work=Salon.com |date=June 26, 2008 |url=http://www.salon.com/ent/feature/2008/06/26/korean_hiphop/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161429/http://www.salon.com/entertainment/feature/2008/06/26/korean_hiphop/index.html |archive-date=October 7, 2010 |access-date=August 28, 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Like BOTY and Red Bull BC One put together, ''Respect''16 is a competition for the top 16 ranked crews in the world.<ref name=ktour>{{cite web |title=R-16 Korea Sparkling, Seoul |work=VisitKorea.or.kr |date=July 30, 2009 |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_2_1.jsp?cid=293322 |access-date=August 28, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111110038/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_2_1.jsp?cid=293322 |archive-date=November 11, 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> What sets it apart from other competitions is that it is sponsored by the government and broadcast live on Korean television and in several countries in Europe.<ref name=asiamerica /> In 2011, R16 instituted a new judging system that was created to eliminate bias and set a unified and fair standard for the way breakdance battles should be judged.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Blessings from New York City for a New Judging System for Bboy Battles |url=http://www.r16korea.com/xe/blog_2011_en/5942 |work=R16Korea.com |date=June 23, 2011 |access-date=June 4, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903140616/http://www.r16korea.com/xe/blog_2011_en/5942 |archive-date=September 3, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> With the new system, breakers are judged against five criteria: foundation, dynamics (power moves), battle, originality, and execution. There is one judge for each category and the scores are shown on a large screen during battles so that the audience can see who is winning at any given moment.<ref>{{cite web |title=O.U.R. System |url=http://ourbboys.com/our-system |work=OurBBoys.com |access-date=June 3, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604073852/http://ourbboys.com/our-system |archive-date=June 4, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*The '''[[Youth Olympic Games]]''' incorporated breakdancing as part of its programme, starting with the [[2018 Summer Youth Olympics]] in [[Buenos Aires]]. Breakdancing is eligible for inclusion as it is a discipline of [[dancesport]], which is recognised by the [[International Olympic Committee]]. The competition featured men's, women's and mixed-team events in a one-on-one battle format.<ref>{{cite web|work=Olympic.org – Official website of the Olympic Movement|url=https://www.olympic.org/news/three-new-sports-to-join-buenos-aires-2018-yog-programme|title=Three new sports to join Buenos Aires 2018 YOG programme|access-date=August 25, 2017|date=January 25, 2017}}</ref>
*The '''[[2024 Summer Olympics]]''' in Paris will see breakdancing make its Olympic debut. 16 male and 16 female breakdancers will compete in head-to-head matches.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[CNN]]|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/07/sport/breakdancing-olympics-paris-2024-spt-intl/index.html |title=Breakdancing to make its Olympic debut at Paris 2024|access-date=January 23, 2021|date=December 7, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Genesis of Competitive Breaking |url=https://www.redbull.com/us-en/theredbulletin/genesis-of-competitive-breaking |website=www.redbull.com}}</ref> IOC President [[Thomas Bach]] stated that they added breakdancing as part of an effort to draw more interest from young people in the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|work=[[Los Angeles Times|LA Times]]|url= https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/story/2020-12-07/breakdancing-2024-paris-olympics-surfing-skateboarding-climbing |title='Breaking' news: Breakdancing added as an event for 2024 Paris Olympics|access-date=January 23, 2021|date=December 7, 2020}}</ref>
== Female presence ==
[[File:CCJ - Breakdance 1.jpg|alt=A woman who has black hair tied back and a green T-shirt is swinging herself sideways onto one arm, both feet off the ground.|thumb|A female breaker performs in [[São Paulo]], Brazil.]]
Similar to other hip-hop subcultures, such as [[graffiti]] writing, [[rapping]], and [[turntabalism|DJing]], breakers are predominantly male, but this is not to say that women breakers, b-girls, are invisible or nonexistent. Female participants, such as Daisy Castro (also known as Baby Love of Rock Steady Crew), attest that females have been breakdancing since its inception.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last1=Perkins|editor-first1=William Eric|author1=Nancy Guevara|chapter=Women Writin' Rappin' Breakin'|title=Droppin' science : critical essays on rap music and hip hop culture|date=1996|publisher=Temple University Press|location=Philadelphia|isbn=1-56639-362-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/droppinsciencecr0000unse/page/49 49–62]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/droppinsciencecr0000unse/page/49}}</ref> Critics argue that it is unfair to make a sweeping generalization about these inequalities because women have begun to play a larger role in the breakdancing scene.<ref>{{cite news| last = La Rocco| first = Claudia| title = A Breaking Battle Women Hope to Win| date = August 6, 2006|work=[[The New York Times]]| url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/arts/dance/06laro.html |access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Girl Power Dances to It's [sic] Own Groove | url = http://politicalpalace.yuku.com/forum/viewtopic/id/10152 |work=Yuku.com |access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref>
Some people have pointed to a lack of promotion as a barrier, as full-time b-girl Firefly stated in a BBC piece: "It's getting more popular. There are a lot more girls involved. The problem is that promoters are not putting on enough female-only battles."<ref>{{cite web| title = Firefly aka female breaker| work = BBC Living section| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/features/living/breakdance/firefly.shtml |access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Women Get the Breaks |date=March 18, 2005 |work=The Independent: Independent News and Media |url=http://license.icopyright.net/user/viewFreeUse.act?fuid=MjEyOTQ2Mw%3D%3D |access-date=September 9, 2009 }}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Growing interest is being shown in changing the traditional image of [[Hip hop model|females in hip-hop culture]] (and by extension, breakdance culture) to a more positive, empowered role in the modern hip-hop scene.<ref>{{cite web| author = Ayanna| title = The Exploitation of Women in Hip-Hop Culture| work = MySistahs.org| url = http://www.mysistahs.org/features/hiphop.htm |access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last = Arce| first = Rose| title = Hip-Hop Portrayal of Women Protested| date = March 4, 2005| work = CNN| url = http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/03/03/hip.hop/index.html |access-date=September 9, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hip Hop's Lone Ladies Call for Backup: The B-Girl Be Summit preaches strength in numbers |last=Shepherd |first=Julianne |date=June 1, 2005 |url=http://www.citypages.com/content/printVersion/15970 |access-date=September 9, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805180300/http://www.citypages.com/content/printVersion/15970/ |archive-date=August 5, 2011 }}</ref>
In 2018, Japan's B-Girl Ami became the first B-Girl world champion of Red Bull BC One.<ref name="Kawalik2018">{{cite web |url=https://bcone.redbull.com/en_INT/article/bc-one-2018-ami-winner-interview |title=Meet Ami, The First Ever Red Bull BC One B-Girl World Champion |first=Tracy |last=Kawalik |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=October 29, 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029150638/https://bcone.redbull.com/en_INT/article/bc-one-2018-ami-winner-interview |archive-date=October 29, 2018 }}</ref> Although B-Girl Ayumi had been invited as a competitor for the 2017 championship, it was only until 2018 that a 16 B-Girl bracket was featured as part of the main event.
== Media exposure ==
{{More citations needed section|date=November 2007}}
=== Film ===
In the past 50 years, various films have depicted the dance. 1975's (filmed in 1974) ''[[Tommy (1975 film)|Tommy]]'' included a breakdancing sequence during the "Sensation" number. Later, in the early 1980s, several films depicted breakdancing including ''[[Fame (1980 film)|Fame]]'', ''[[Wild Style]]'', ''[[Flashdance]]'', ''[[Breakin']]'', ''[[Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo]]'', ''[[Delivery Boys]]'', ''[[Krush Groove]]'', and ''[[Beat Street]]''. In 1985, at the height of breakdancing's popularity, [[Donnie Yen]] starred in a Hong Kong film called ''[[Mismatched Couples]]'' in which he performed various b-boy and breakdancing moves.
The 2000s saw a resurgence of films and television series featuring breakdancing that continued into the early 2010s:
* The 2001 comedy film ''[[Zoolander]]'' depicts Zoolander ([[Ben Stiller]]) and Hansel ([[Owen Wilson]]) performing breakdance moves on a catwalk.
* The 2004 [[anime]] television series ''[[Samurai Champloo]]'' features one of the main characters, [[List of Samurai Champloo characters#Mugen|Mugen]] using a fighting style based on breakdancing.
* The ''[[Step Up (film series)|Step Up]]'' films (2006–14) are dance movies that focus on the passion and love of dance. Breakdancing is featured in all five films, ''[[Step Up (film)|Step Up]]'', ''[[Step Up 2: The Streets]]'', ''[[Step Up 3D]]'', and ''[[Step Up Revolution]]'', and ''[[Step Up: All In]]'', as well as the TV series ''[[Step Up: High Water]]''.
* The "Step Up" series made dance movies popular by showcasing different dance styles, like breakdancing. This led to an increase in dance-themed films and made dance a popular subject in entertainment.
* The 2007 comedy ''[[Kickin' It Old Skool]]'' stars [[Jamie Kennedy]] as a breakdancer who hits his head during a talent show and wakes up from a coma in the year 2007, then plans to get his breakdancing team back together.
* The 2009 Thai martial arts film ''[[Raging Phoenix]]'' features a fictional martial art called ''meiraiyutth'' based on a combination of [[Muay Thai]] and breakdancing.
* The 2009 British drama film ''[[Fish Tank (film)|Fish Tank]]'' stars [[Katie Jarvis]] as a 15-year-old who regularly practices hip-hop dance, including breakdancing, in her council estate.
* The 2013 American 3D dance film ''[[Battle of the Year (film)|Battle of the Year]]'' is a drama about the dance competition of the same name.
* The 1968 film Bye Bye Braverman has elements of breakdancing in its final scene
Several documentary films have been made about breakdancing:
* The 1983 PBS documentary ''[[Style Wars]]'' chronicled New York graffiti artists, but also includes some breakdancing.
* The 2007 documentary ''[[Planet B-Boy]]'' follows five crews from around the world in their journey to the international breakdancing competition [[Battle of the Year]]. The ''Planet B-Boy'' documentary was the inspiration for the 2013 American 3D dance film ''[[Battle of the Year (film)|Battle of the Year]]'', a drama about the competition of the same name.
* The 2010 German documentary ''[[Neukölln Unlimited]]'' depicts the life of two breakdancing brothers in Berlin that try to use their dancing talents to secure a livelihood. Breakdancing moves are sometimes incorporated into the choreography of films featuring martial arts. This is due to the visually pleasing aspect of the dance, no matter how ridiculous or useless it would be in an actual fight.
=== Television ===
In the United States, Breakdancing is widely referenced in TV advertising, as well as news, travelogue, and documentary segments, as an indicator of youth/street culture. From a production point of view the style is visually arresting, instantly recognizable and adducible to fast-editing, while the ethos is multi-ethnic, energetic and edgy, but free from the gangster-laden overtones of much rap-culture imagery. Its usability as a visual cliché benefits sponsorship, despite the relatively small following of the genre itself beyond the circle of its practitioners. In 2005, a [[Golf GTi|Volkswagen Golf GTi]] commercial featured a partly [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]] version of Gene Kelly popping and breakdancing to a remix of "[[Singin' in the Rain (song)|Singin' in the Rain]]" by [[Mint Royale]]. The tagline was, "The original, updated." The dance shows ''[[So You Think You Can Dance]]'' and ''[[America's Best Dance Crew]]'' arguably brought breakdancing back to the forefront of pop culture in the United States, similar to the popularity it had enjoyed in the 1980s. The American drama television series ''[[Step Up: High Water]]'', a series focused on breakdancing and other forms of hip-hop dance, premiered on March 20, 2019.
Since breakdancing's popularity surge in South Korea, it has been featured in various TV dramas and commercials. ''[[Break (TV series)|Break]]'' is a 2006 South Korean miniseries about a breakdancing competition. ''[[Over the Rainbow (South Korean TV series)|Over the Rainbow]]'' is a 2006 South Korean drama series centered on different characters who are brought together by breakdancing. ''[[Showdown (South Korean game show)|Showdown]]'', a breakdancing competition game show hosted by [[Jay Park]], premiered in South Korea on March 18, 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000539332 | title=대표 그만둔 박재범, JTBC 비보이 예능 '쇼다운' 출연 확정 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/jay-park-host-new-jtbc-breakdance-program-showdown-first-episode-airs-date-1047150 | title=Jay Park to host new JTBC breakdance program 'SHOWDOWN'; First episode airs on THIS date | date=March 16, 2022 | access-date=May 30, 2022 | archive-date=May 30, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220530212438/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/jay-park-host-new-jtbc-breakdance-program-showdown-first-episode-airs-date-1047150 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://kstationtv.com/2022/02/04/showdown-a-new-break-battle-show-with-the-participation-of-jay-park/?lang=en | title=SHOWDOWN: A new "break" battle show, with the participation of JAY PARK | date=February 4, 2022 }}</ref>
=== Literature ===
* In 1997, Kim Soo Yong began serialization of the first breakdancing themed comic, ''[[Hip Hop]]''. The comic sold over 1.5 million books and it helped to introduce breakdancing and hip-hop culture to Korean youth.
* The first breakdancing themed novel, ''Kid B'', was published by Houghton Mifflin in 2006. The author, [[Linden Dalecki]], was an amateur breaker in high school and directed a short documentary film about Texas breakdancing culture before writing the novel. The novel was inspired by Dalecki's short story ''The B-Boys of Beaumont'', which won the 2004 ''[[The Austin Chronicle|Austin Chronicle]]'' short story contest.
* ''Breakin' the city'', a photo book by [[Nicolaus Schmidt]], portrays breakers from the Bronx and Brooklyn wheeling around on subway cars, in city plazas, and on sidewalks in New York City.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nicolaus-schmidt.com/nybp.html |title=New York Breakdancing Project (in German) on the photographers web site |publisher=Nicolaus-schmidt.com |access-date=November 8, 2011}}</ref> Published in 2011, it features six New York based breakdance crews photographed between 2007 and 2009.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.artbook.com/9783866784536.html |title=Announcement of the book for the US release |publisher=Artbook.com |access-date=November 8, 2011}}</ref>
* ''Breakdancing: [[Mr. Fresh and the Supreme Rockers]] Show You How'' ([[Avon (publishers)|Avon Books]], 1984) was an introductory reference for newcomers to the "breakin'" style of dance as it evolved in North America in the 1970s and 1980s.
=== Video gaming ===
A few video games feature breaking, including:
* ''[[Break Dance]]'' is an 8-bit computer game by [[Epyx]] released in 1984 at the height of breakdancing's popularity.
* ''Break Street'' is a computer game in which the player receives points for performing complex dance moves using the joystick without exhausting the player character's remaining energy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mobygames.com/game/break-street | title=Break Street for Commodore 64 (1984) }}</ref> It was released for the [[Commodore 64]] in October 1984 at the height of breakdancing's popularity.
* ''Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix'' has Mario and Luigi breakdancing to numerous songs – some based after the Super Mario series, and others based off of real life. It released on October 24, 2005, on the Nintendo GameCube.
* ''B-boy'' is a 2006 [[game console|console]] game released for [[PS2]] and [[PlayStation Portable|PSP]] which aims at an unadulterated depiction of breakdancing.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.psp411.com/show/product/1163/0/BBoy.html| title= B-boy article| work= psp411.com| access-date= September 9, 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091002023436/http://www.psp411.com/show/product/1163/0/BBoy.html| archive-date= October 2, 2009| url-status= dead| df= mdy-all}}</ref>
* ''[[Bust a Groove]]'' is a video game franchise whose character "Heat" specializes in breakdancing.
* ''[[Pump It Up (video game)|Pump It Up]]'' is a Korean game that requires physical movement of the feet. The game involves breakdancing and people can accomplish this feat by memorizing the steps and creating dance moves to hit the arrows on time.
* ''Breakdance Champion Red Bull BC One'' is an [[iOS]] and [[Android (operating system)|Android]] rhythm game that focuses on the actual breakdancing competition [[Red Bull BC One]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/breakdance-champion-red-bull/id433860212?mt=8|title=Breakdance Champion Red Bull BC One, iTunes App Store|website=[[iTunes]]|access-date=November 25, 2011}}</ref>
* Floor Kids is a Nintendo Switch game released in 2017 that scores your performance based on its musicality, originality, and style.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.floorkids.com/|title=Floor Kids|website=www.floorkids.com|language=en|access-date=February 25, 2018}}</ref> It received praise for its innovative controls and the [[Kid Koala]] soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.destructoid.com/review-floor-kids-479896.phtml|title=Review: Floor Kids|work=destructoid|access-date=February 25, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kotaku.com/floor-kids-the-breakdancing-game-for-the-switch-has-s-1823244643|title=Floor Kids, the breakdancing game for the Switch, has some A++++ music by Kid Koala. Who is not only|last=Plunkett|first=Luke|work=Kotaku|access-date=February 25, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
*In the long-running [[Yakuza (series)|Yakuza]] video game franchise, [[Goro Majima]]'s Breaker fighting style heavily relies on movements and techniques derived from break dancing.
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book | author = Steven Hager | title = Hip Hop: The Illustrated History of Break Dancing, Rap Music, and Graffiti | publisher = [[St. Martin's Press]] | year = 1984 | isbn = 978-0-312-37317-7 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/hiphopillustrate00hage | author-link = Steven Hager }}
{{Refend}}
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Breakdance|B-boying}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110613235057/http://www.globaldarkness.com/articles/history%20of%20breaking.htm History of B-boying]
* [http://www.thebboyspot.com/ B-boy community and news outlet]
* [http://www.bboyworld.com/ B-boying media source]
* [http://www.hiphoparea.com/breakdance/what-does-it-mean-to-be-a-b-boy.html Breakdance: What does it mean to be a B-Boy]
{{African-American dance}}
{{B-boying}}
{{hiphop}}
{{Dance}}
{{Street dance}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Breakdance| ]]
[[Category:Street dance]]
[[Category:Hip hop dance]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -22,5 +22,5 @@
Breakdancing consists mainly of four kinds of movement—[[toprock]], [[downrock]], [[power move]]s, and [[Freeze (b-boy move)|freezes]]—and is typically set to songs containing drum [[Break (music)|breaks]], especially in [[funk]], [[soul music|soul]], and [[hip-hop music|hip-hop]]. Its modern dance elements originated among the poor youth of New York during the early 1970s.<ref name="Chang 2007 58–65">{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=Jeff |date=2007 |title=It's a Hip-Hop World |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25462232 |journal=Foreign Policy |issue=163 |pages=58–65 |jstor=25462232 |issn=0015-7228}}</ref> It is tied to the birth of hip-hop, whose DJs developed rhythmic breaks for dancers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From the Bronx to the world: The birth and evolution of hip-hop |url=https://www.redbull.com/ie-en/history-of-hip-hop |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=Red Bull |language=en}}</ref>
-The dance form has expanded globally, with an array of organizations and independent competitions supporting its growth. Breaking will become an Olympic sport at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in [[Paris]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2023 |title=2024 Paris Summer Olympics will feature breakdancing |url=https://news.yahoo.com/2024-paris-summer-olympics-feature-222325474.html |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=Yahoo! News}}</ref> per a December 7, 2020 decision by the [[International Olympic Committee]], after a proposal by the [[World DanceSport Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Breaking officially added to Olympic Games Paris 2024 |url=https://www.worlddancesport.org/News/WDSF/Breaking_officially_added_to_Olympic_Games_Paris_2024-3147 |website=www.worlddancesport.org}}</ref>
+The dance form has i cum on you expanded globally, with an array of organizations and independent competitions supporting its growth. Breaking will become an Olympic sport at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in [[Paris]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2023 |title=2024 Paris Summer Olympics will feature breakdancing |url=https://news.yahoo.com/2024-paris-summer-olympics-feature-222325474.html |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=Yahoo! News}}</ref> per a December 7, 2020 decision by the [[International Olympic Committee]], after a proposal by the [[World DanceSport Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Breaking officially added to Olympic Games Paris 2024 |url=https://www.worlddancesport.org/News/WDSF/Breaking_officially_added_to_Olympic_Games_Paris_2024-3147 |website=www.worlddancesport.org}}</ref>
== Terminology ==
' |
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0 => 'The dance form has i cum on you expanded globally, with an array of organizations and independent competitions supporting its growth. Breaking will become an Olympic sport at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in [[Paris]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2023 |title=2024 Paris Summer Olympics will feature breakdancing |url=https://news.yahoo.com/2024-paris-summer-olympics-feature-222325474.html |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=Yahoo! News}}</ref> per a December 7, 2020 decision by the [[International Olympic Committee]], after a proposal by the [[World DanceSport Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Breaking officially added to Olympic Games Paris 2024 |url=https://www.worlddancesport.org/News/WDSF/Breaking_officially_added_to_Olympic_Games_Paris_2024-3147 |website=www.worlddancesport.org}}</ref>'
] |
Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => 'The dance form has expanded globally, with an array of organizations and independent competitions supporting its growth. Breaking will become an Olympic sport at the [[2024 Summer Olympics]] in [[Paris]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2023 |title=2024 Paris Summer Olympics will feature breakdancing |url=https://news.yahoo.com/2024-paris-summer-olympics-feature-222325474.html |access-date=March 20, 2023 |website=Yahoo! News}}</ref> per a December 7, 2020 decision by the [[International Olympic Committee]], after a proposal by the [[World DanceSport Federation]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Breaking officially added to Olympic Games Paris 2024 |url=https://www.worlddancesport.org/News/WDSF/Breaking_officially_added_to_Olympic_Games_Paris_2024-3147 |website=www.worlddancesport.org}}</ref>'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
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3 => 'https://news.yahoo.com/2024-paris-summer-olympics-feature-222325474.html',
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5 => 'https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781403960443',
6 => 'https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781403960443/page/72',
7 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20101121154332/http://dancespirit.com/articles/2177',
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11 => 'http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2009/05/24/the_ascent_of_hip_hop/',
12 => 'http://www.thebboyspot.com/history-of-the-word-breakdancing-by-crazy-legs',
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14 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100421203635/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1151638',
15 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20100209040518/http://www.electricboogaloos.com/knowledge.html',
16 => 'http://www.electricboogaloos.com/knowledge.html',
17 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111116221035/http://www.dance.com/mag/january-2007/86/hiphop-jan-2007/760/',
18 => 'http://www.dance.com/mag/january-2007/86/hiphop-jan-2007/760/',
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24 => 'https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203642191/joint-mark-anthony-neal-murray-forman',
25 => 'https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203642191',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Style of street dance</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Breakdance" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Breakdance_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Breakdance (disambiguation)">Breakdance (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"B-girl" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/B-girl_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="B-girl (disambiguation)">B-girl (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"B boy" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/B_Boy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="B Boy (disambiguation)">B Boy (disambiguation)</a>.</div>
<p class="mw-empty-elt">
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Breaking/Bboying</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Breakdancer_-_Faneuil_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Breakdancer_-_Faneuil_Hall.jpg/220px-Breakdancer_-_Faneuil_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Breakdancer_-_Faneuil_Hall.jpg/330px-Breakdancer_-_Faneuil_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Breakdancer_-_Faneuil_Hall.jpg/440px-Breakdancer_-_Faneuil_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A breakdancer performing outside <a href="/wiki/Faneuil_Hall" title="Faneuil Hall">Faneuil Hall</a>, Boston, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop dance">Hip-hop dance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor</th><td class="infobox-data">Street dancers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Year</th><td class="infobox-data">Early 1970s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data">New York City</td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm/220px--The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="70" data-mwtitle="The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm.m3u8" type="application/vnd.apple.mpegurl" data-transcodekey="m3u8" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6c/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm/The_guys_break_dancing_in_the_street_near_the_mall.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Breaking in the street, 2013</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_breakdancer_performing_in_Cologne,_2017_(2_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_breakdancer_performing_in_Cologne%2C_2017_%282_of_2%29.jpg/220px-A_breakdancer_performing_in_Cologne%2C_2017_%282_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_breakdancer_performing_in_Cologne%2C_2017_%282_of_2%29.jpg/330px-A_breakdancer_performing_in_Cologne%2C_2017_%282_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A_breakdancer_performing_in_Cologne%2C_2017_%282_of_2%29.jpg/440px-A_breakdancer_performing_in_Cologne%2C_2017_%282_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="1662" /></a><figcaption>A breakdancer standing on his head in Cologne, Germany, 2017</figcaption></figure>
<p><b>Breaking</b>, also called <b>b-boying</b>, <b>b-girling</b> or <b>breakdancing</b>, is a style of <a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">street dance</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a> communities in <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, United States.
</p><p>Breakdancing consists mainly of four kinds of movement—<a href="/wiki/Toprock" title="Toprock">toprock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Downrock">downrock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Power_move" title="Power move">power moves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Freeze_(b-boy_move)" title="Freeze (b-boy move)">freezes</a>—and is typically set to songs containing drum <a href="/wiki/Break_(music)" title="Break (music)">breaks</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop music">hip-hop</a>. Its modern dance elements originated among the poor youth of New York during the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Chang_2007_58–65_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang_2007_58–65-1">[1]</a></sup> It is tied to the birth of hip-hop, whose DJs developed rhythmic breaks for dancers.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup>
</p><p>The dance form has i cum on you expanded globally, with an array of organizations and independent competitions supporting its growth. Breaking will become an Olympic sport at the <a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> per a December 7, 2020 decision by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>, after a proposal by the <a href="/wiki/World_DanceSport_Federation" title="World DanceSport Federation">World DanceSport Federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Terminology</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Uprock"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Uprock</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Worldwide_expansion"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Worldwide expansion</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Brazil"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Brazil</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Cambodia"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Cambodia</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Canada"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Canada</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Japan</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#South_Korea"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">South Korea</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Soviet_Union"><span class="tocnumber">3.7</span> <span class="toctext">Soviet Union</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#China"><span class="tocnumber">3.8</span> <span class="toctext">China</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Dance_elements"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Dance elements</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Styles"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Styles</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Music"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Music</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Major_competitions"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Major competitions</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Female_presence"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Female presence</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Media_exposure"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Media exposure</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Film"><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">Film</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Television"><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">Television</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Literature"><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">Literature</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Video_gaming"><span class="tocnumber">9.4</span> <span class="toctext">Video gaming</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Terminology">Terminology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The origin of the term "breakdance" is unknown. It was used by hiphop pioneer <a href="/wiki/Kurtis_Blow" title="Kurtis Blow">Kurtis Blow</a> in a 1980 profile by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Adler" title="Bill Adler">Bill Adler</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Adler-1980_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler-1980-5">[5]</a></sup> The term is frequently used to refer to the dance in popular culture and in the mainstream entertainment industry. The term "breakdancing" has become an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> that includes California-based dance styles such as <a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">popping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locking_(dance)" title="Locking (dance)">locking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_boogaloo_(dance)" title="Electric boogaloo (dance)">electric boogaloo</a>, in addition to the New York-based b-boying.<sup id="cite_ref-Schloss_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brk_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brk-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-best_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best-9">[9]</a></sup>
</p><p>A practitioner of this dance is called a <b>b-boy</b>, <b>b-girl</b>, <b>breakdancer</b>, or <b>breaker</b>. The terms "b-boy" ("break-boy"), "b-girl" ("break-girl"), and "breaker" were the original terms used to describe the dancers who performed to <a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a>'s breakbeats. The obvious connection of the term "breaking" is to the word "<a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">breakbeat</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> DJ Kool Herc has said that the term "breaking" was 1970s slang for "getting excited", "acting energetically" or "causing a disturbance".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup>
</p><p>Most pioneers and notable practitioners prefer the older terms "b-boying" and "breaking".<sup id="cite_ref-freshest_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freshest-11">[11]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-globe_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globe-12">[12]</a></sup> Frosty Freeze of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Steady_Crew" title="Rock Steady Crew">Rock Steady Crew</a> has said, "We were known as b-boys"; hip-hop pioneer <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a> has said, "B-boys, [are] what you call break boys...or b-girls, what you call break girls."<sup id="cite_ref-freshest_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freshest-11">[11]</a></sup> Co-founder of Rock Steady Crew Santiago "Jo Jo" Torres, Rock Steady Crew member Marc "Mr. Freeze" Lemberger, hip-hop historian <a href="/wiki/Fab_5_Freddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fab 5 Freddy">Fab 5 Freddy</a>, and rappers <a href="/wiki/Big_Daddy_Kane" title="Big Daddy Kane">Big Daddy Kane</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tech_N9ne" title="Tech N9ne">Tech N9ne</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup> use the term "b-boy".<sup id="cite_ref-freshest_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freshest-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some enthusiasts consider "breakdancing" an ignorant, and even pejorative, term.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup> Others use it to derogatorily refer to <a href="/wiki/Dance_studio" title="Dance studio">studio</a>-trained dancers who can perform the moves but who do not live a "b-boy lifestyle".<sup id="cite_ref-Schloss_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> Still others use the term "breakdancer" to disparage those who learn the dance for personal gain rather than for commitment to the culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Schloss_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 61">: 61 </span></sup> Many accuse the media of presenting a simplified<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> version of the dance that focuses on "tricks" instead of culture.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Source
</th>
<th>Quote
</th>
<th>Citation
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Kurtis_Blow" title="Kurtis Blow">Kurtis Blow</a>
</td>
<td>But it was in his secret identity as a B-boy (B for Beat) during after-school hours that Kurtis really shined. "I was the best dancer at the school " he claimed. "When I was 15 I used to go down to Nell Gwinn's[sic] and do that frantic Breakdance- the fancy, fancy footwork to the funky, funky music- and I would have the crowd in the palm of my hand."
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Adler-1980_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adler-1980-5">[5]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Richard "<a href="/wiki/Crazy_Legs_(dancer)" title="Crazy Legs (dancer)">Crazy Legs</a>" Colon;<br /> <a href="/wiki/Rock_Steady_Crew" title="Rock Steady Crew">Rock Steady Crew</a>
</td>
<td>"When I first learned about the dance in 1977 it was called b-boying... by the time the media got a hold of it in like '81, '82, it became 'break-dancing' and I even got caught up calling it break-dancing too."
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-freshest_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freshest-11">[11]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Michael_Holman_(filmmaker)" title="Michael Holman (filmmaker)">Michael Holman</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Breakers" title="New York City Breakers">New York City Breakers</a>
</td>
<td>"Maybe what <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Legs_(dancer)" title="Crazy Legs (dancer)">Legs</a> is doing is saying "I want to reeducate the marketplace and make them see that everything that came before was 'breakdancing' and what's going on now is 'b-boying.' And it's all under <i>my</i> control and auspices and whim and whatever." And so it's a cleansing; it's like an etymological purging....But it's smart, because it's a paradigm shift in which he now is not just a player but is a kingmaker. A kingpin."
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Schloss_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 62">: 62 </span></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Mandalit_del_Barco" title="Mandalit del Barco">Mandalit del Barco</a>, journalist
</td>
<td>"Breakdancing may have died, but the b-boy, one of four original elements of hip hop (also included: the MC, the DJ, and the graffiti artist) lives on. To those who knew it before it was tagged with the name breakdancing, to those still involved in the scene that they will always know as b-boying, the tradition is alive and, well, spinning."
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-npr_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npr-18">[18]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Foundation_(b-boy_book)" title="Foundation (b-boy book)"><i>Foundation</i></a>, by Joseph Schloss
</td>
<td>"In addition to its general association with commercialism, the term breakdancing is also problematic on a more practical level. Unlike b-boying, which refers to a specific dance form that developed in New York City in the '70s, breakdancing is often used as an umbrella term that includes not only b-boying, but also popping, locking, boogalooing, and other so-called funk-style dances that originated in California."
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-Schloss_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss-6">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 60">: 60 </span></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/The_Electric_Boogaloos" title="The Electric Boogaloos">The Electric Boogaloos</a>
</td>
<td>"In the 80's when streetdancing [sic] blew up, the media often incorrectly used the term 'breakdancing' as an umbrella term for most the streetdancing [sic] styles that they saw. What many people didn't know was [that] within these styles, other sub-cultures existed, each with their own identities. Breakdancing, or b-boying as it is more appropriately known as, is known to have its roots in the east coast and was heavily influenced by break beats and hip hop."
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Popin_Pete" class="mw-redirect" title="Popin Pete">Timothy "Popin' Pete" Solomon</a>;<br /> <a href="/wiki/Electric_Boogaloos" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Boogaloos">Electric Boogaloos</a>
</td>
<td>"An important thing to clarify is that the term 'Break dancing' is wrong, I read that in many magazines but that is a media term. The correct term is 'Breakin', people who do it are B-Boys and B-Girls. The term 'Break dancing' has to be thrown out of the dance vocabulary."
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Hip-Hop Dance Conservatory
</td>
<td>"Breaking or b-boying is generally misconstrued or incorrectly termed as 'breakdancing'. Breakdancing is a term spawned from the loins of the media's <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/philistinism" class="extiw" title="wikt:philistinism">philistinism</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sciolism" class="extiw" title="wikt:sciolism">sciolism</a>, and naïveté at that time. With no true knowledge of the hip-hop diaspora but with an ineradicable need to define it for the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nescient" class="extiw" title="wikt:nescient">nescient</a> masses, the term breakdancing was born. Most breakers take great offense to the term."
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Chang_(journalist)" title="Jeff Chang (journalist)">Jeff Chang</a>
</td>
<td>"During the 1970s, an array of dances practiced by black and Latino kids sprang up in the inner cities of New York and California. The styles had a dizzying list of names: 'uprock' in Brooklyn, 'locking' in Los Angeles, 'boogaloo' and 'popping' in Fresno, and 'strutting' in San Francisco and Oakland. When these dances gained notice in the mid-'80s outside of their geographic contexts, the diverse styles were lumped together under the tag 'break dancing'.
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-best_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best-9">[9]</a></sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="/wiki/American_Heritage_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="American Heritage Dictionary">American Heritage Dictionary</a>
</td>
<td>
<ul><li>"b-boy (bē′boi′) <i>n</i>. A man or boy who engages in b-boying. [b-, probably short for BREAK (from the danceable breaks in funk recordings from which turntablists make breakbeat music to which b-boying is done ) + BOY.]"</li>
<li>"break dancing also break·danc·ing (brāk dăn′sĭng) <i>n</i>. A form of nonrhythmic urban dance characterized by acrobatic and gymnastic movements."</li>
<li>"break·ing (brā kĭng) <i>n</i>. A form of urban dance involving styles such as locking, popping, and b-boying, usually performed to funk music. Also called break dancing."</li></ul>
</td>
<td><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></sup>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_hip_hop_dance" title="History of hip hop dance">History of hip hop dance</a></div>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/w/index.php?title=File:The_Rob_Roy_on_the_Baltic-_A_Canoe_Cruise_through_Norway,_Sweden,_Denmark,_Sleswig,_Holste,_the_Northe_Sea_and_the_Baltic,_with_numerous_illustrations,_Maps_and_Music_(IA_dli.granth.72776).pdf&page=144" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A book page with an engraving of a white man jumping with a leg up, a leg down and his head at the height of his downwards knee." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Rob_Roy_on_the_Baltic-_A_Canoe_Cruise_through_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Sleswig%2C_Holste%2C_the_Northe_Sea_and_the_Baltic%2C_with_numerous_illustrations%2C_Maps_and_Music_%28IA_dli.granth.72776%29.pdf/page144-220px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Rob_Roy_on_the_Baltic-_A_Canoe_Cruise_through_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Sleswig%2C_Holste%2C_the_Northe_Sea_and_the_Baltic%2C_with_numerous_illustrations%2C_Maps_and_Music_%28IA_dli.granth.72776%29.pdf/page144-330px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Rob_Roy_on_the_Baltic-_A_Canoe_Cruise_through_Norway%2C_Sweden%2C_Denmark%2C_Sleswig%2C_Holste%2C_the_Northe_Sea_and_the_Baltic%2C_with_numerous_illustrations%2C_Maps_and_Music_%28IA_dli.granth.72776%29.pdf/page144-440px-thumbnail.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="566" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>"Salmon polka" in <i>The Rob Roy on the Baltic</i>.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downrock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Downrock.jpg/220px-Downrock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Downrock.jpg/330px-Downrock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Downrock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>A breaker practicing <a href="/wiki/Downrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Downrock">downrock</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Dance_studio" title="Dance studio">studio</a> in Moscow</figcaption></figure>
<p>Many elements of breaking developed before the 1970s. Even Colonial American dances such as the <a href="/wiki/Minuet" title="Minuet">minuet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juba_dance" title="Juba dance">Juba</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quadrille" title="Quadrille">quadrille</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a> have may have contributed elements. The Juba, for example, is an African dance where men had dance circles where one man at a time would go and dance, similar to modern-day breaking. This dance also inspired competition, also seen in breakdancing, because better treatment would be given to the slave who intrigued their master.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> In the 1877 book <i>Rob Roy on the Baltic</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Macgregor_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macgregor-26">[26]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_MacGregor_(sportsman)" title="John MacGregor (sportsman)">John MacGregor</a> describes seeing near <a href="/wiki/Norrk%C3%B6ping" title="Norrköping">Norrköping</a> a "young man quite alone, who was practicing over and over the most inexplicable leap in the air...he swung himself up, and then round on his hand for a point, when his upper leg described a great circle." The engraving shows a young man apparently breakdancing. The dance was called the <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">Giesse Harad Polska</i></span> or "salmon district dance". In 1894, Thomas Edison filmed Walter Wilkins, Denny Toliver, and Joe Rastus dancing and performing a "breakdown".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> Then in 1898 he filmed a young street dancer performing acrobatic headspins.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> Some authors claim that breakdancing and <a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">capoeira</a> have common African origin, while others claim that capoeira directly influenced breaking.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> There is also evidence of a similar style of dancing in Kaduna, Nigeria, in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></sup> B-boy pioneers Richard "Crazy Legs" Colon and Kenneth "Ken Swift" Gabbert, both of Rock Steady Crew, cite James Brown and Kung Fu films (notably Bruce Lee films) as influences. Many of the acrobatic moves, such as the <a href="/wiki/Flare_(acrobatic_move)" title="Flare (acrobatic move)">flare</a>, show clear connections to gymnastics.
</p><p>However, it was not until the 1970s that breakdancing developed as a defined dance style in the United States. These precursing elements began to take form in the early 1970s, as breaking began to grow at parties featuring DJs and instrumental records.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> It was at these parties that <a href="/wiki/DJ_Kool_Herc" title="DJ Kool Herc">DJ Kool Herc</a>, a Bronx based DJ pioneer, developed rhythmic breakdown sections by simultaneously switching between two copies of the same record, creating “<a href="/wiki/Break_(music)" title="Break (music)">breaks</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> By looping the records and their simultaneous breaks, he was able to prolong the break and provide a rhythmic and improvisational base for dancers:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup> Herc tells <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Chang_(journalist)" title="Jeff Chang (journalist)">Jeff Chang</a> in his book <a href="/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_Won%27t_Stop_(book)" title="Can't Stop Won't Stop (book)">Can't Stop Won't Stop (2005)</a>, “And once they heard that, that was it, wasn't no turning back. They always wanted to hear breaks after breaks after breaks after breaks."<sup id="cite_ref-csws_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csws-35">[35]</a></sup>
</p><p>Breaking prompted dance battles and dance sessions known as "cyphers", competitive circles in which participants took turns dancing while surrounded by onlookers. The <a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a> first used the term “cypher” to denote circles of people.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-36">[36]</a></sup> Crews including the <a href="/wiki/Rock_Steady_Crew" title="Rock Steady Crew">Rock Steady Crew</a> or Mighty Zulu Kingz began to form, in response to the growth of competitive cyphers which sometimes featured cash-prizes, titles, and bragging rights.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor.org_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor.org-36">[36]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Uprock">Uprock</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uprock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Breaking started as <a href="/wiki/Toprock" title="Toprock">toprock</a>, footwork-oriented dance moves performed standing up, but as dance crews began to experiment, a separate dance form known as uprock further influenced breaking.<sup id="cite_ref-Schloss_2006_411–432_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss_2006_411–432-37">[37]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Uprock" title="Uprock">Uprock</a>, also known as Brooklyn uprock, is a more aggressive dance style commonly performed between two partners that feature intricate footwork and hitting motions, mimicking a fight.<sup id="cite_ref-csws_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csws-35">[35]</a></sup> As a separate dance style, it never gained the same widespread popularity as breakdancing, except for some very specific moves adopted by breakers who use it as a variation for their toprock.<sup id="cite_ref-csws_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csws-35">[35]</a></sup> Uprock is also stated to have roots in gangs, as an expressive medium used to settle turf disputes, with the winner deciding the location of a future battle.<sup id="cite_ref-Schloss_2006_411–432_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss_2006_411–432-37">[37]</a></sup> Although some disagree that breakdancing ever played a part in mediating gang rivalry, the early growth of breaking still primarily served to assist the poor youth of the Bronx to stray away from gang violence and rather expel their time towards an artistic dance.<sup id="cite_ref-Chang_2007_58–65_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang_2007_58–65-1">[1]</a></sup> One example is former gang leader <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Bambaataa" title="Afrika Bambaataa">Afrika Bambaataa</a>, who hosted hip-hop parties and vowed to specifically use hip-hop to support children away from gang violence. He would eventually form the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Universal Zulu Nation</a> to further his message.<sup id="cite_ref-Chang_2007_58–65_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chang_2007_58–65-1">[1]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some breakers argue that because uprock was originally a separate dance style it should never be mixed with breakdancing and that the uprock moves performed by breakers today are not the original moves but imitations that only show a small part of the original uprock style.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup> In the music video for 1985's hit single "<a href="/wiki/I_Wonder_If_I_Take_You_Home" title="I Wonder If I Take You Home">I Wonder If I Take You Home</a>", <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Lisa_and_Cult_Jam" title="Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam">Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam</a>'s drummer Mike Hughes can be seen "rocking" (doing uprock) at 1:24 when viewed on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Worldwide_expansion">Worldwide expansion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Worldwide expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>This section describes the development of breakdancing throughout the world. Countries are sorted alphabetically.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Brazil">Brazil</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Ismael Toledo was one of the first breakers in Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-toledo_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toledo-39">[39]</a></sup> In 1984, he moved to the United States to study dance.<sup id="cite_ref-toledo_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toledo-39">[39]</a></sup> While in the U.S. he discovered breakdancing and ended up meeting breaker <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Legs_(dancer)" title="Crazy Legs (dancer)">Crazy Legs</a> who personally mentored him for the four years that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-toledo_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toledo-39">[39]</a></sup> After becoming proficient in breakdancing, he moved back to São Paulo and started to organize crews and enter international competitions.<sup id="cite_ref-toledo_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toledo-39">[39]</a></sup> He eventually opened a hip-hop dance studio called the Hip-Hop Street College.<sup id="cite_ref-toledo_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toledo-39">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Cambodia">Cambodia</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Born in Thailand and raised in the United States, Tuy "KK" Sobil started a community center called Tiny Toones in <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> in 2005 where he uses dancing, hip-hop music, and art to teach Cambodian youth language skills, computer skills, and life skills (hygiene, sex education, counseling). His organization helps roughly 5,000 youths each year. One of these youths include Diamond, who is regarded as Cambodia's first b-girl.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Canada">Canada</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097763485">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Breakdancing" title="Special:EditPage/Breakdancing">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottawa_youth_breakdance_during_Canada_150_celebrations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ottawa_youth_breakdance_during_Canada_150_celebrations.jpg/220px-Ottawa_youth_breakdance_during_Canada_150_celebrations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ottawa_youth_breakdance_during_Canada_150_celebrations.jpg/330px-Ottawa_youth_breakdance_during_Canada_150_celebrations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ottawa_youth_breakdance_during_Canada_150_celebrations.jpg/440px-Ottawa_youth_breakdance_during_Canada_150_celebrations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> Youth breakdancing during <a href="/wiki/Canada_150" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada 150">Canada 150</a> Celebrations</figcaption></figure>
<p>There are several ways breakdancing came to Canada. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, films such as <a href="/wiki/Breakin%27" title="Breakin'"><i>Breakin<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i> (1984)</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Beat_Street" title="Beat Street">Beat Street</a></i> (1984), and the immigration of people from <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> introduced dance styles from the United States. Breakdancing expanded in Canada from there, with crews like Canadian Floormasters taking over the 80's scene, and New Energy opening for James Brown in 1984 at the Paladium in Montreal. Leading into the 90's, crews like Bag of Trix, Rakunz, Intrikit, Contents Under Pressure, Supernaturalz, Boogie Brats, and Red Power Squad, led the scene throughout the rest of the past two decades and counting.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="France">France</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Breakdancing took off in France in the early 1980s with the creation of groups such as the Paris City Breakers (who styled themselves after the well-known <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Breakers" title="New York City Breakers">New York City Breakers</a>). In 1984, France became the first country in the world to have a regularly and nationally broadcast television show about Hip Hop—hosted by <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Duteil" title="Sidney Duteil">Sidney Duteil</a>—with a focus on Hip Hop dance.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> This show led to the explosion of Hip Hop dance in France, with many new crews appearing on the scene.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Japan">Japan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Breakdancing in Japan was introduced in 1983 following the release of the movie <a href="/wiki/Wild_Style" title="Wild Style">Wild Style</a>. The release of the movie was accompanied by a tour by the Rock Steady Crew and many Japanese were captivated. Other movies such as <a href="/wiki/Flashdance" title="Flashdance">Flashdance</a> followed and furthered the breakdance craze. Crazy-A, the leader of the Tokyo chapter of the Rock Steady Crew,<sup id="cite_ref-jhop_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhop-44">[44]</a></sup> was dragged to see Flashdance by his then girlfriend and walked out captivated by the dance form and became one its earliest and one of the most influential breakers in Japanese history. Groups began to spring up as well, with early groups such as Tokyo B-Boys, Dynamic Rock Force (American kids from Yokota AB), B-5 Crew, and Mystic Movers popping up in <a href="/wiki/Harajuku" title="Harajuku">Harajuku</a>. The breakdancing community in Japan found a home in Tokyo's <a href="/wiki/Yoyogi_Park" title="Yoyogi Park">Yoyogi Park</a><sup id="cite_ref-jhop_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jhop-44">[44]</a></sup> in Harajuku, which still remains an active area for breakdancers and hip-hop enthusiasts. As hip-hop continued to grow in Japan, so did breakdancing and the breakdancing communities. Following the introduction of international breakdancing competitions, Japan began to compete and were praised for their agility and precision, yet they were criticized in the beginning for lacking originality. The Japanese began to truly flourish on the international stage following the breakdancing career of Taisuke Nonaka, known simply as Taisuke. Taisuke began to dominate the international scene and led the Japanese team Floorriorz to win the BOTY in 2015 against crew Kienjuice from Belarus. Despite Taisuke's successful career in group competitions, he failed to win the solo Red Bull BC One competition, an individual breakdancing championship that had continued to evade Japanese bboys. The first Japanese to win the BC One competition became Bboy Issei in 2016. Issei is widely regarded by many as the best Japanese breakdancer currently and in the eyes of some, the best worldwide. Female bboys, or "bgirls", are also prevalent in Japan and following the introduction of a female BC One competition in 2018, Japanese bgirl Ami Yuasa became the first female champion. Notable Japanese bboy crews include FoundNation, Body Carnival, and the Floorriorz. Notable Japanese bgirl crews include Queen of Queens, Body Carnival, and Nishikasai.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="South_Korea">South Korea</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Breakdancing was first introduced to South Korea by American soldiers shortly after its surge of popularity in the U.S. during the 1980s, but it was not until the late 1990s that the culture and dance took hold.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> 1997 is known as the "Year Zero of Korean breaking".<sup id="cite_ref-best_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-best-9">[9]</a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Korean-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean-American">Korean-American</a> hip hop promoter named John Jay Chon was visiting his family in Seoul and while he was there, he met a crew named Expression Crew in a club. He gave them a <a href="/wiki/VHS_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="VHS tape">VHS tape</a> of a Los Angeles breakdancing competition called Radiotron.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> A year later when he returned, Chon found that his video and others like his had been copied and dubbed numerous times, and were feeding an ever-growing breaker community.
</p><p>In 2002, Korea's Expression Crew won the prestigious international breakdancing competition <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Year" title="Battle of the Year">Battle of the Year</a>, exposing the skill of the country's breakers to the rest of the world. Since then, the Korean government has capitalized on the popularity of the dance and has promoted it alongside Korean culture. <a href="/wiki/R-16_Korea" title="R-16 Korea">R-16 Korea</a> is the most well-known government-sponsored breakdancing event, and is hosted by the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Tourism_Organization" title="Korea Tourism Organization">Korea Tourism Organization</a> and supported by the Ministry of Culture, Sports, and Tourism.
</p><p>Famous breakdancing crews from Korea include Morning of Owl, <a href="/wiki/Jinjo_Crew" title="Jinjo Crew">Jinjo Crew</a>, Rivers Crew and <a href="/wiki/Gamblerz" title="Gamblerz">Gamblerz</a>.
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the 1980s the Soviet Union was in a state of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> with the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">Western Bloc</a>. Soviet people lived behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, so they usually learned the new fashion trends emerging in the capitalist countries with some delay. The Soviet Union first learned of breakdancing in 1984, when videotapes of the films <i>Breakin<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>, <i>Breakin' 2</i> and <i>Beat Street</i> got into the country. In the USSR these movies were not released officially. They were brought home by Soviet citizens who had the opportunity to travel to Western countries (for example, by diplomats). Originally, the dance became popular in big cities: <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic republics</a> (some citizens of these Soviet republics had the opportunity to watch Western television). The attitude of the authorities to the new dance that came from the West was negative.<sup id="cite_ref-DOZADO_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOZADO-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Break-dancing_competition,_Riga,_Latvia_(1986).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Break-dancing_competition%2C_Riga%2C_Latvia_%281986%29.jpg/220px-Break-dancing_competition%2C_Riga%2C_Latvia_%281986%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Break-dancing_competition%2C_Riga%2C_Latvia_%281986%29.jpg/330px-Break-dancing_competition%2C_Riga%2C_Latvia_%281986%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Break-dancing_competition%2C_Riga%2C_Latvia_%281986%29.jpg/440px-Break-dancing_competition%2C_Riga%2C_Latvia_%281986%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6847" data-file-height="4732" /></a><figcaption>Breakdancing performance in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvian SSR">Latvian SSR</a>, 1986</figcaption></figure>
<p>The situation changed in 1985 with <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> who came to power and with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> policy. The first to legalize the new dance were dancers from the Baltic republics. They presented this dance as the "protest against the arbitrariness of the capitalists", explaining that the dance was invented by Black Americans from poor neighborhoods. In 1985 the performance of Czech <a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Korn" title="Jiří Korn">Jiří Korn</a> was shown in the program "Morning Post", and became one of the first official demonstrations of breakdancing on Soviet television. With the support of the <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Leninist Young Communist League</a> in 1986 breakdance festivals were held in the cities of the Baltic republics (<a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palanga" title="Palanga">Palanga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>). The next step was the spreading of the similar festivals to other Soviet republics. Festivals were held in <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> (Ukraine), <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a> (Belarus), <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Gorky</a> (Russia). Breakdancing could be seen in Soviet cinema: <i>Dancing on the Roof</i> (1985), <i><a href="/wiki/Courier_(film)" title="Courier (film)">Courier</a></i> (1986), <i>Publication</i> (1988). By the end of the decade the dance became almost ubiquitous. At almost any disco or school dance one could see a person dancing in the "robot" style.<sup id="cite_ref-DOZADO_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOZADO-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>In the early 1990s the country experienced a severe economic and political crisis. With the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, the breakdance craze was over and breakdancing became dated. The next wave of interest in breakdancing in Russia would only occur in the late 90s.<sup id="cite_ref-DOZADO_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOZADO-47">[47]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="China">China</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Although social media such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> cannot be used in China, breakdancing in China has been popular. Many people copy breakdancing videos from abroad and distribute them back to the mainland. Although it is still an <a href="/wiki/Underground_culture" title="Underground culture">underground culture</a> in China because of some restrictions, breakdancing was reported to be a growing presence in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Dance_elements">Dance elements</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dance elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Bboy.ogv/220px--Bboy.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="122" data-mwtitle="Bboy.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bboy.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Bboy.ogv/Bboy.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Bboy.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Bboy.ogv/Bboy.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Bboy.ogv/Bboy.ogv.m3u8" type="application/vnd.apple.mpegurl" data-transcodekey="m3u8" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></video></span><figcaption>Gravity Benders crew showcasing the four elements of breakdancing — <a href="/wiki/Toprock" title="Toprock">toprock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Downrock">downrock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freeze_(b-boy_move)" title="Freeze (b-boy move)">freezes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Power_moves" class="mw-redirect" title="Power moves">power moves</a> –  some crew choreography, and a short battle</figcaption></figure>
<p>There are four primary elements that form breakdancing: toprock, downrock, power moves, and freezes.
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Toprock" title="Toprock">Toprock</a></i> generally refers to any string of steps performed from a standing position. It is usually the first and foremost opening display of style, though dancers often transition from other aspects of breakdancing to toprock and back. Toprock has a variety of steps which can each be varied according to the dancer's expression (i.e. aggressive, calm, excited). A great deal of freedom is allowed in the definition of toprock: as long as the dancer maintains cleanliness, form, and attitude, theoretically anything can be toprock. Toprock can draw upon many other dance styles such as <a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">popping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locking_(dance)" title="Locking (dance)">locking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tap_dance" title="Tap dance">tap dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lindy_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Lindy hop">Lindy hop</a>, or <a href="/wiki/House_dance" title="House dance">house dance</a>. Transitions from toprock to downrock and power moves are called "drops".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Downrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Downrock">Downrock</a></i> (also known as "footwork" or "floorwork") is used to describe any movement on the floor with the hands supporting the dancer as much as the feet. Downrock includes moves such as the foundational <a href="/wiki/6-step" title="6-step">6-step</a>, and its variants such as the 3-step. The most basic of downrock is done entirely on feet and hands but more complex variations can involve the knees when <i>threading</i> limbs through each other.</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Power_moves" class="mw-redirect" title="Power moves">Power moves</a></i> are acrobatic moves that require <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a>, speed, endurance, strength, flexibility, and control to execute. The breaker is generally supported by his upper body while the rest of his body creates circular momentum. Some examples are the <a href="/wiki/Windmill_(breakdance_move)" class="mw-redirect" title="Windmill (breakdance move)">windmill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swipe_(breakdance_move)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swipe (breakdance move)">swipe</a>, back spin, and head spin. Some power moves are borrowed from gymnastics and martial arts. An example of a power move taken from gymnastics is the <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Thomas_(gymnast)" title="Kurt Thomas (gymnast)">Thomas Flair</a> which is shortened and spelled <i><a href="/wiki/Flare_(breakdance_move)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare (breakdance move)">flare</a></i> in breakdancing.</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Freeze_(b-boy_move)" title="Freeze (b-boy move)">Freezes</a></i> are stylish poses that require the breaker to suspend himself or herself off the ground using upper body strength in poses such as the <a href="/wiki/Freeze_(breakdance_move)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze (breakdance move)">pike</a>. They are used to emphasize strong beats in the music and often signal the end of a set. Freezes can be linked into chains or "stacks" where breakers go from freeze to freeze to freeze in order to hit the beats of the music, which displays musicality and physical strength.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Styles">Styles</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bboy_DanceMachine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bboy_DanceMachine.jpg/220px-Bboy_DanceMachine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bboy_DanceMachine.jpg/330px-Bboy_DanceMachine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bboy_DanceMachine.jpg/440px-Bboy_DanceMachine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Bboy DanceMachine at the Breakfast Jam finals in Kampala, Uganda on November 19, 2016</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jaiva" title="Jaiva">Jaiva</a></div>
<p>There are many individual styles used in breakdancing. Individual styles often stem from a dancer's region of origin and influences. However, some people such as Jacob "Kujo" Lyons believe that the internet inhibits individual style. In a 2012 interview with <i>B-Boy Magazine</i> he expressed his frustration:
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Breakdancer_vilay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Breakdancer_vilay.jpg/220px-Breakdancer_vilay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Breakdancer_vilay.jpg/330px-Breakdancer_vilay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Breakdancer_vilay.jpg/440px-Breakdancer_vilay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>B-boys performing on San Francisco's Powell Street in 2008</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Street_Acrobats_in_DC_-_2013-06-07_-_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Street_Acrobats_in_DC_-_2013-06-07_-_02.JPG/220px-Street_Acrobats_in_DC_-_2013-06-07_-_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Street_Acrobats_in_DC_-_2013-06-07_-_02.JPG/330px-Street_Acrobats_in_DC_-_2013-06-07_-_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Street_Acrobats_in_DC_-_2013-06-07_-_02.JPG/440px-Street_Acrobats_in_DC_-_2013-06-07_-_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3183" /></a><figcaption>B-Boy performing <i>hand hops</i> in Washington D.C.</figcaption></figure>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1211633275">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>… because everybody watches the same videos online, everybody ends up looking very similar. The differences between individual b-boys, between crews, between cities/states/countries/continents, have largely disappeared. It used to be that you could tell what city a b-boy was from by the way he danced. Not anymore. But I've been saying these things for almost a decade, and most people don't listen, but continue watching the same videos and dancing the same way. It's what I call the "international style", or the "Youtube style".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Luis "Alien Ness" Martinez, the president of Mighty Zulu Kings, expressed a similar frustration in a separate interview three years earlier with "The Super B-Beat Show" about the top five things he hates in breakdancing:
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1211633275"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Oh yeah, the last thing I hate in breakin'… Yo, all y'all motherfuckin' internet b-boys... I'm an internet b-boy too, but I'm real about my shit. Everybody knows who I am, I'm out at every fucking jam, I'm in a different country every week. I tell my story dancing... I've been all around the world, y'all been all around the world wide web... [my friend] Bebe once said that shit, and I co-sign that, Bebe said that. That wasn't me but that's the realist shit I ever heard anybody say. I've been all around the world, you've been all around the world wide web.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<p>Although there are some generalities in the styles that exist, many dancers combine elements of different styles with their own ideas and knowledge in order to create a unique style of their own. Breakers can therefore be categorized into a broad style, which generally showcases the same types of techniques.
</p>
<ul><li>Power: This style is what most members of the general public associate with the term "breakdancing". Power moves comprise full-body spins and rotations that give the illusion of defying gravity. Examples of power moves include head spins, backspins, windmills, flares, air tracks/air flares, 1990s, 2000s, jackhammers, crickets, turtles, hand glides, halos, and elbow spins. Those breakers who use "power moves" almost exclusively in their sets are referred to as "power heads".</li>
<li>Abstract: A very broad style which may include the incorporation of "threading" footwork, freestyle movement to hit beats, house dance, and "circus" styles (tricks, contortion, etc.).</li>
<li>Blow-up: A style which focuses on the "wow factor" of certain power moves, freezes, and circus styles. Blowups consist of performing a sequence of as many difficult trick combinations in as quick succession as possible in order to "smack" or exceed the virtuosity of the other breaker's performance. The names of some of these moves are air baby, hollow backs, solar eclipse, and reverse air baby, among others. The main goal in blow-up style is the rapid transition through a sequence of power moves, ending in a skillful freeze or "suicide". Like freezes, a suicide is used to emphasize a strong beat in the music and signal the end to a routine. While freezes draw attention to a controlled final position, suicides draw attention to the motion of falling or losing control. B-boys or b-girls will make it appear that they have lost control and fall onto their backs, stomachs, etc. The more painful the suicide appears, the more impressive it is, but breakers execute them in a way to minimize pain.</li>
<li>Flavor: A style that is based more on elaborate toprock, downrock, and/or freezes. This style is focused more on the beat and musicality of the song than having to rely on power moves only. Breakers who base their dance on "flavor" or style are known as "style heads".</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Music">Music</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The musical selection for breakdancing is not restricted to <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop music</a> as long as the tempo and beat pattern conditions are met. Breakdancing can be readily adapted to different music genres with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Remix" title="Remix">remixing</a>. The original songs that popularized the dance form borrow significantly from progressive genres of <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electro_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electro music">electro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jazz_funk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz funk">jazz funk</a>. A musical canon of these traditional b-boy songs have since developed, songs that were once expected to be played at every b-boying event.<sup id="cite_ref-Schloss_2006_411–432_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss_2006_411–432-37">[37]</a></sup> As the dance form grew, this standardization of classic songs prompted innovation of dance moves and break beats that reimagined the standard melodies. These songs include <a href="/wiki/Give_It_Up_or_Turnit_a_Loose" title="Give It Up or Turnit a Loose">“Give It Up or Turn It a Loose”</a> by James Brown, <a href="/wiki/Apache_(instrumental)" title="Apache (instrumental)">“Apache”</a> by the Incredible Bongo Band, and <a href="/wiki/The_Mexican_(song)" title="The Mexican (song)">"The Mexican"</a> by Babe Ruth to name a few.<sup id="cite_ref-Schloss_2006_411–432_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schloss_2006_411–432-37">[37]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup>
</p><p>The most common feature of breakdance music exists in musical <a href="/wiki/Break_(music)" title="Break (music)">breaks</a>, or compilations formed from <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">samples</a> taken from different songs which are then looped and chained together by the DJ. The tempo generally ranges between 110 and 135 beats per minute with <a href="/wiki/Shuffle_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuffle note">shuffled</a> <a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_note" title="Sixteenth note">sixteenth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quarter_note" title="Quarter note">quarter</a> beats in the percussive pattern. History credits DJ <a href="/wiki/Kool_Herc" class="mw-redirect" title="Kool Herc">Kool Herc</a> for the invention of this concept<sup id="cite_ref-csws_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-csws-35">[35]</a></sup> later termed the <a href="/wiki/Break_(music)#Break_beat" title="Break (music)">break beat</a>.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Major_competitions">Major competitions</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Major competitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance#International_competitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop dance">Hip-hop dance § International competitions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_B-Boy_Championships" title="International B-Boy Championships">International B-Boy Championships</a></div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Year" title="Battle of the Year">Battle of the Year</a></b> (BOTY) was founded in 1990 by Thomas Hergenröther in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-about_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-53">[53]</a></sup> It is the first and largest international breakdancing competition for breakdance crews.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> BOTY holds regional qualifying tournaments in several countries such as Zimbabwe, Japan, Israel, Algeria, Indonesia, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Year#Qualification_and_Preliminaries" title="Battle of the Year">the Balkans</a>. Crews who win these tournaments go on to compete in the final championship in <a href="/wiki/Montpellier" title="Montpellier">Montpellier</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-about_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-53">[53]</a></sup> BOTY was featured in the independent documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_B-Boy" title="Planet B-Boy">Planet B-Boy</a></i> (2007) that filmed five dance crews training for the 2005 championship. A <a href="/wiki/3D_film" title="3D film">3D film</a> <i>Battle of the Year</i> was released in January 2013. It was directed by Benson Lee who also directed <i>Planet B-Boy</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Breakdance_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="International Breakdance Event">The Notorious IBE</a></b> is a Dutch-based breakdancing competition founded in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-style_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-style-56">[56]</a></sup> IBE (International Breakdance Event) is not a traditional competition because there are not any stages or judges. Instead, there are timed competitive events that take place in large multitiered ciphers—circular dance spaces surrounded by observers—where the winners are determined by audience approval.<sup id="cite_ref-style_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-style-56">[56]</a></sup> There are several kinds of events such as the b-girl crew battle, the Seven 2 Smoke battle (eight top ranked breakers battle each other to determine the overall winner), the All vs. All continental battle (all the American breakers vs. all the European breakers vs. the Asian breakers vs. Mexican/Brazilian breakers), and the Circle Prinz IBE.<sup id="cite_ref-style_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-style-56">[56]</a></sup> The Circle Prinz IBE is a knockout tournament that takes place in multiple smaller cipher battles until the last standing breaker is declared the winner.<sup id="cite_ref-style_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-style-56">[56]</a></sup> IBE also hosts the European finals for the UK B-Boy Championships.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Chelles_Battle_Pro" title="Chelles Battle Pro">Chelles Battle Pro</a></b> was created in 2001 and it is held every year in <a href="/wiki/Chelles,_Seine-et-Marne" title="Chelles, Seine-et-Marne">Chelles, France</a>. There are two competitions. One is a kids competition for solo breakers who are 12 years old or younger. The other competition is a knock-out tournament for eight breaker crews. Some crews have to qualify at their country's local tournament; others are invited straight to the finale.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_BC_One" title="Red Bull BC One">Red Bull BC One</a></b> was created in 2004 by <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_GmbH" title="Red Bull GmbH">Red Bull</a> and is hosted in a different country every year.<sup id="cite_ref-redbull_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redbull-59">[59]</a></sup> The competition brings together the top 16 breakers from around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-redbull_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redbull-59">[59]</a></sup> Six spots are earned through six regional qualifying tournaments. The other 10 spots are reserved for last year's winner, wild card selections, and recommendations from an international panel of experts. A past participant of the competition is world record holder Mauro "Cico" (pronounced CHEE-co) Peruzzi. B-boy Cico holds the world record in the 1990s. A 1990 is a move in which a breaker spins continuously on one hand—a hand spin rather than a head spin. Cico broke the record by spinning 27 times.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup> A documentary based on the competition called <i>Turn It Loose</i> (2009) profiled six breakdancers' training for the 2007 championship in Johannesburg.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup> Two of these breakdancers were Ali "<a href="/wiki/B-boy_Lilou" title="B-boy Lilou">Lilou</a>" Ramdani from Pockémon Crew and Omar "<a href="/wiki/Roxrite" title="Roxrite">Roxrite</a>" Delgado from Squadron.</li></ul>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R16_cypher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/R16_cypher.jpg/220px-R16_cypher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/R16_cypher.jpg/330px-R16_cypher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/R16_cypher.jpg/440px-R16_cypher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>A breakdancer does an <i><a href="/wiki/Airflare" title="Airflare">air-flare</a></i> in a cypher at R16 Korea 2014</figcaption></figure>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/R-16_Korea" title="R-16 Korea">R16 Korea</a></b> is a South Korean breakdancing competition founded in 2007 by Asian Americans Charlie Shin and John Jay Chon.<sup id="cite_ref-asiamerica_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiamerica-63">[63]</a></sup> Like BOTY and Red Bull BC One put together, <i>Respect</i>16 is a competition for the top 16 ranked crews in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-ktour_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ktour-64">[64]</a></sup> What sets it apart from other competitions is that it is sponsored by the government and broadcast live on Korean television and in several countries in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-asiamerica_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asiamerica-63">[63]</a></sup> In 2011, R16 instituted a new judging system that was created to eliminate bias and set a unified and fair standard for the way breakdance battles should be judged.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></sup> With the new system, breakers are judged against five criteria: foundation, dynamics (power moves), battle, originality, and execution. There is one judge for each category and the scores are shown on a large screen during battles so that the audience can see who is winning at any given moment.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup></li>
<li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Youth_Olympic_Games" title="Youth Olympic Games">Youth Olympic Games</a></b> incorporated breakdancing as part of its programme, starting with the <a href="/wiki/2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2018 Summer Youth Olympics">2018 Summer Youth Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>. Breakdancing is eligible for inclusion as it is a discipline of <a href="/wiki/Dancesport" title="Dancesport">dancesport</a>, which is recognised by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>. The competition featured men's, women's and mixed-team events in a one-on-one battle format.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></sup></li>
<li>The <b><a href="/wiki/2024_Summer_Olympics" title="2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a></b> in Paris will see breakdancing make its Olympic debut. 16 male and 16 female breakdancers will compete in head-to-head matches.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></sup> IOC President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bach" title="Thomas Bach">Thomas Bach</a> stated that they added breakdancing as part of an effort to draw more interest from young people in the Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Female_presence">Female presence</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Female presence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CCJ_-_Breakdance_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A woman who has black hair tied back and a green T-shirt is swinging herself sideways onto one arm, both feet off the ground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CCJ_-_Breakdance_1.jpg/220px-CCJ_-_Breakdance_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CCJ_-_Breakdance_1.jpg/330px-CCJ_-_Breakdance_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CCJ_-_Breakdance_1.jpg/440px-CCJ_-_Breakdance_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>A female breaker performs in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil.</figcaption></figure>
<p>Similar to other hip-hop subcultures, such as <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> writing, <a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">rapping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turntabalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Turntabalism">DJing</a>, breakers are predominantly male, but this is not to say that women breakers, b-girls, are invisible or nonexistent. Female participants, such as Daisy Castro (also known as Baby Love of Rock Steady Crew), attest that females have been breakdancing since its inception.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup> Critics argue that it is unfair to make a sweeping generalization about these inequalities because women have begun to play a larger role in the breakdancing scene.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some people have pointed to a lack of promotion as a barrier, as full-time b-girl Firefly stated in a BBC piece: "It's getting more popular. There are a lot more girls involved. The problem is that promoters are not putting on enough female-only battles."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup> Growing interest is being shown in changing the traditional image of <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop model">females in hip-hop culture</a> (and by extension, breakdance culture) to a more positive, empowered role in the modern hip-hop scene.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup>
</p><p>In 2018, Japan's B-Girl Ami became the first B-Girl world champion of Red Bull BC One.<sup id="cite_ref-Kawalik2018_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawalik2018-79">[79]</a></sup> Although B-Girl Ayumi had been invited as a competitor for the 2017 championship, it was only until 2018 that a 16 B-Girl bracket was featured as part of the main event.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Media_exposure">Media exposure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Media exposure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1097763485"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Breakdancing" title="Special:EditPage/Breakdancing">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Film">Film</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the past 50 years, various films have depicted the dance. 1975's (filmed in 1974) <i><a href="/wiki/Tommy_(1975_film)" title="Tommy (1975 film)">Tommy</a></i> included a breakdancing sequence during the "Sensation" number. Later, in the early 1980s, several films depicted breakdancing including <i><a href="/wiki/Fame_(1980_film)" title="Fame (1980 film)">Fame</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Style" title="Wild Style">Wild Style</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Flashdance" title="Flashdance">Flashdance</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Breakin%27" title="Breakin'">Breakin'</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Breakin%27_2:_Electric_Boogaloo" title="Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo">Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Boys" title="Delivery Boys">Delivery Boys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Krush_Groove" title="Krush Groove">Krush Groove</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Beat_Street" title="Beat Street">Beat Street</a></i>. In 1985, at the height of breakdancing's popularity, <a href="/wiki/Donnie_Yen" title="Donnie Yen">Donnie Yen</a> starred in a Hong Kong film called <i><a href="/wiki/Mismatched_Couples" title="Mismatched Couples">Mismatched Couples</a></i> in which he performed various b-boy and breakdancing moves.
</p><p>The 2000s saw a resurgence of films and television series featuring breakdancing that continued into the early 2010s:
</p>
<ul><li>The 2001 comedy film <i><a href="/wiki/Zoolander" title="Zoolander">Zoolander</a></i> depicts Zoolander (<a href="/wiki/Ben_Stiller" title="Ben Stiller">Ben Stiller</a>) and Hansel (<a href="/wiki/Owen_Wilson" title="Owen Wilson">Owen Wilson</a>) performing breakdance moves on a catwalk.</li>
<li>The 2004 <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> television series <i><a href="/wiki/Samurai_Champloo" title="Samurai Champloo">Samurai Champloo</a></i> features one of the main characters, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Samurai_Champloo_characters#Mugen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Samurai Champloo characters">Mugen</a> using a fighting style based on breakdancing.</li>
<li>The <i><a href="/wiki/Step_Up_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Step Up (film series)">Step Up</a></i> films (2006–14) are dance movies that focus on the passion and love of dance. Breakdancing is featured in all five films, <i><a href="/wiki/Step_Up_(film)" title="Step Up (film)">Step Up</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Step_Up_2:_The_Streets" title="Step Up 2: The Streets">Step Up 2: The Streets</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Step_Up_3D" title="Step Up 3D">Step Up 3D</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Step_Up_Revolution" title="Step Up Revolution">Step Up Revolution</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Step_Up:_All_In" title="Step Up: All In">Step Up: All In</a></i>, as well as the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Step_Up:_High_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Step Up: High Water">Step Up: High Water</a></i>.</li>
<li>The "Step Up" series made dance movies popular by showcasing different dance styles, like breakdancing. This led to an increase in dance-themed films and made dance a popular subject in entertainment.</li>
<li>The 2007 comedy <i><a href="/wiki/Kickin%27_It_Old_Skool" title="Kickin' It Old Skool">Kickin' It Old Skool</a></i> stars <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Kennedy" title="Jamie Kennedy">Jamie Kennedy</a> as a breakdancer who hits his head during a talent show and wakes up from a coma in the year 2007, then plans to get his breakdancing team back together.</li>
<li>The 2009 Thai martial arts film <i><a href="/wiki/Raging_Phoenix" title="Raging Phoenix">Raging Phoenix</a></i> features a fictional martial art called <i>meiraiyutth</i> based on a combination of <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">Muay Thai</a> and breakdancing.</li>
<li>The 2009 British drama film <i><a href="/wiki/Fish_Tank_(film)" title="Fish Tank (film)">Fish Tank</a></i> stars <a href="/wiki/Katie_Jarvis" title="Katie Jarvis">Katie Jarvis</a> as a 15-year-old who regularly practices hip-hop dance, including breakdancing, in her council estate.</li>
<li>The 2013 American 3D dance film <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Year_(film)" title="Battle of the Year (film)">Battle of the Year</a></i> is a drama about the dance competition of the same name.</li>
<li>The 1968 film Bye Bye Braverman has elements of breakdancing in its final scene</li></ul>
<p>Several documentary films have been made about breakdancing:
</p>
<ul><li>The 1983 PBS documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Style_Wars" title="Style Wars">Style Wars</a></i> chronicled New York graffiti artists, but also includes some breakdancing.</li>
<li>The 2007 documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Planet_B-Boy" title="Planet B-Boy">Planet B-Boy</a></i> follows five crews from around the world in their journey to the international breakdancing competition <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Year" title="Battle of the Year">Battle of the Year</a>. The <i>Planet B-Boy</i> documentary was the inspiration for the 2013 American 3D dance film <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Year_(film)" title="Battle of the Year (film)">Battle of the Year</a></i>, a drama about the competition of the same name.</li>
<li>The 2010 German documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Neuk%C3%B6lln_Unlimited" title="Neukölln Unlimited">Neukölln Unlimited</a></i> depicts the life of two breakdancing brothers in Berlin that try to use their dancing talents to secure a livelihood. Breakdancing moves are sometimes incorporated into the choreography of films featuring martial arts. This is due to the visually pleasing aspect of the dance, no matter how ridiculous or useless it would be in an actual fight.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Television">Television</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>In the United States, Breakdancing is widely referenced in TV advertising, as well as news, travelogue, and documentary segments, as an indicator of youth/street culture. From a production point of view the style is visually arresting, instantly recognizable and adducible to fast-editing, while the ethos is multi-ethnic, energetic and edgy, but free from the gangster-laden overtones of much rap-culture imagery. Its usability as a visual cliché benefits sponsorship, despite the relatively small following of the genre itself beyond the circle of its practitioners. In 2005, a <a href="/wiki/Golf_GTi" class="mw-redirect" title="Golf GTi">Volkswagen Golf GTi</a> commercial featured a partly <a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">CGI</a> version of Gene Kelly popping and breakdancing to a remix of "<a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain_(song)" title="Singin' in the Rain (song)">Singin' in the Rain</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Mint_Royale" title="Mint Royale">Mint Royale</a>. The tagline was, "The original, updated." The dance shows <i><a href="/wiki/So_You_Think_You_Can_Dance" title="So You Think You Can Dance">So You Think You Can Dance</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Best_Dance_Crew" title="America's Best Dance Crew">America's Best Dance Crew</a></i> arguably brought breakdancing back to the forefront of pop culture in the United States, similar to the popularity it had enjoyed in the 1980s. The American drama television series <i><a href="/wiki/Step_Up:_High_Water" class="mw-redirect" title="Step Up: High Water">Step Up: High Water</a></i>, a series focused on breakdancing and other forms of hip-hop dance, premiered on March 20, 2019.
</p><p>Since breakdancing's popularity surge in South Korea, it has been featured in various TV dramas and commercials. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Break_(TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Break (TV series) (page does not exist)">Break</a></i> is a 2006 South Korean miniseries about a breakdancing competition. <i><a href="/wiki/Over_the_Rainbow_(South_Korean_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Over the Rainbow (South Korean TV series)">Over the Rainbow</a></i> is a 2006 South Korean drama series centered on different characters who are brought together by breakdancing. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Showdown_(South_Korean_game_show)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Showdown (South Korean game show) (page does not exist)">Showdown</a></i>, a breakdancing competition game show hosted by <a href="/wiki/Jay_Park" title="Jay Park">Jay Park</a>, premiered in South Korea on March 18, 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Literature">Literature</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<ul><li>In 1997, Kim Soo Yong began serialization of the first breakdancing themed comic, <i><a href="/wiki/Hip_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip Hop">Hip Hop</a></i>. The comic sold over 1.5 million books and it helped to introduce breakdancing and hip-hop culture to Korean youth.</li>
<li>The first breakdancing themed novel, <i>Kid B</i>, was published by Houghton Mifflin in 2006. The author, <a href="/wiki/Linden_Dalecki" title="Linden Dalecki">Linden Dalecki</a>, was an amateur breaker in high school and directed a short documentary film about Texas breakdancing culture before writing the novel. The novel was inspired by Dalecki's short story <i>The B-Boys of Beaumont</i>, which won the 2004 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Austin_Chronicle" title="The Austin Chronicle">Austin Chronicle</a></i> short story contest.</li>
<li><i>Breakin' the city</i>, a photo book by <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Schmidt" title="Nicolaus Schmidt">Nicolaus Schmidt</a>, portrays breakers from the Bronx and Brooklyn wheeling around on subway cars, in city plazas, and on sidewalks in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a></sup> Published in 2011, it features six New York based breakdance crews photographed between 2007 and 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></sup></li>
<li><i>Breakdancing: <a href="/wiki/Mr._Fresh_and_the_Supreme_Rockers" title="Mr. Fresh and the Supreme Rockers">Mr. Fresh and the Supreme Rockers</a> Show You How</i> (<a href="/wiki/Avon_(publishers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avon (publishers)">Avon Books</a>, 1984) was an introductory reference for newcomers to the "breakin'" style of dance as it evolved in North America in the 1970s and 1980s.</li></ul>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Video_gaming">Video gaming</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Video gaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>A few video games feature breaking, including:
</p>
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Break_Dance" title="Break Dance">Break Dance</a></i> is an 8-bit computer game by <a href="/wiki/Epyx" title="Epyx">Epyx</a> released in 1984 at the height of breakdancing's popularity.</li>
<li><i>Break Street</i> is a computer game in which the player receives points for performing complex dance moves using the joystick without exhausting the player character's remaining energy.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></sup> It was released for the <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> in October 1984 at the height of breakdancing's popularity.</li>
<li><i>Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix</i> has Mario and Luigi breakdancing to numerous songs – some based after the Super Mario series, and others based off of real life. It released on October 24, 2005, on the Nintendo GameCube.</li>
<li><i>B-boy</i> is a 2006 <a href="/wiki/Game_console" class="mw-redirect" title="Game console">console</a> game released for <a href="/wiki/PS2" class="mw-redirect" title="PS2">PS2</a> and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Portable" title="PlayStation Portable">PSP</a> which aims at an unadulterated depiction of breakdancing.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></sup></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Bust_a_Groove" title="Bust a Groove">Bust a Groove</a></i> is a video game franchise whose character "Heat" specializes in breakdancing.</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Pump_It_Up_(video_game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pump It Up (video game)">Pump It Up</a></i> is a Korean game that requires physical movement of the feet. The game involves breakdancing and people can accomplish this feat by memorizing the steps and creating dance moves to hit the arrows on time.</li>
<li><i>Breakdance Champion Red Bull BC One</i> is an <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> rhythm game that focuses on the actual breakdancing competition <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_BC_One" title="Red Bull BC One">Red Bull BC One</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></sup></li>
<li>Floor Kids is a Nintendo Switch game released in 2017 that scores your performance based on its musicality, originality, and style.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></sup> It received praise for its innovative controls and the <a href="/wiki/Kid_Koala" title="Kid Koala">Kid Koala</a> soundtrack.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></sup></li>
<li>In the long-running <a href="/wiki/Yakuza_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakuza (series)">Yakuza</a> video game franchise, <a href="/wiki/Goro_Majima" title="Goro Majima">Goro Majima</a>'s Breaker fighting style heavily relies on movements and techniques derived from break dancing.</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
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</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redbull.com/ie-en/history-of-hip-hop">"From the Bronx to the world: The birth and evolution of hip-hop"</a>. <i>Red Bull</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Red+Bull&rft.atitle=From+the+Bronx+to+the+world%3A+The+birth+and+evolution+of+hip-hop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redbull.com%2Fie-en%2Fhistory-of-hip-hop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/2024-paris-summer-olympics-feature-222325474.html">"2024 Paris Summer Olympics will feature breakdancing"</a>. <i>Yahoo! News</i>. January 19, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo%21+News&rft.atitle=2024+Paris+Summer+Olympics+will+feature+breakdancing&rft.date=2023-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2F2024-paris-summer-olympics-feature-222325474.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worlddancesport.org/News/WDSF/Breaking_officially_added_to_Olympic_Games_Paris_2024-3147">"Breaking officially added to Olympic Games Paris 2024"</a>. <i>www.worlddancesport.org</i>. December 12, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worlddancesport.org&rft.atitle=Breaking+officially+added+to+Olympic+Games+Paris+2024&rft.date=2020-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worlddancesport.org%2FNews%2FWDSF%2FBreaking_officially_added_to_Olympic_Games_Paris_2024-3147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Adler-1980-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adler-1980_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adler-1980_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAdler1980" class="citation news cs1">Adler, Bill (November 12, 1980). "Kurtis Blow: rapped up in success". <i>New York Daily News</i>. pp. M12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Kurtis+Blow%3A+rapped+up+in+success&rft.pages=M12&rft.date=1980-11-12&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Schloss-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schloss_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schloss_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schloss_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schloss_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schloss_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchloss,_Joseph2009" class="citation book cs1">Schloss, Joseph (2009). <i>Foundation: B-boys, B-girls, And Hip-Hop Culture In New York</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundation%3A+B-boys%2C+B-girls%2C+And+Hip-Hop+Culture+In+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Schloss%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-brk-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brk_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRivera2003" class="citation book cs1">Rivera, Raquel (2003). "It's Just Begun: The 1970s and Early 1980s". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781403960443"><i>New York Ricans from the Hip Hop Zone</i></a></span>. New York City: Palgrave MacMillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781403960443/page/72">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6043-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6043-7"><bdi>1-4039-6043-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=It%27s+Just+Begun%3A+The+1970s+and+Early+1980s&rft.btitle=New+York+Ricans+from+the+Hip+Hop+Zone&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4039-6043-7&rft.aulast=Rivera&rft.aufirst=Raquel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781403960443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2009" class="citation news cs1">Freeman, Santiago (July 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121154332/http://dancespirit.com/articles/2177">"Planet Funk"</a>. Dance Spirit Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dancespirit.com/articles/2177">the original</a> on November 21, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Planet+Funk&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Santiago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dancespirit.com%2Farticles%2F2177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-best-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-best_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-best_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-best_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008085840/http://cantstopwontstop.com/reader/worlds-best/">"The World's Best Dance Crew :: How Korean B-Boys Conquered Planet Rock « Can't Stop Won't Stop"</a>. Cantstopwontstop.com. June 26, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cantstopwontstop.com/reader/worlds-best/">the original</a> on October 8, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Best+Dance+Crew+%3A%3A+How+Korean+B-Boys+Conquered+Planet+Rock+%C2%AB+Can%27t+Stop+Won%27t+Stop&rft.pub=Cantstopwontstop.com&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcantstopwontstop.com%2Freader%2Fworlds-best%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kool Herc, in Israel (director), The Freshest Kids, QD3, 2002.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-freshest-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freshest_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freshest_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freshest_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freshest_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Israel (director) (2002). <i>The Freshest Kids: A History of the B-Boy</i> (DVD). USA: QD3 Entertainment.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Freshest+Kids%3A+A+History+of+the+B-Boy&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=QD3+Entertainment&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-globe-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-globe_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Mansbach2009" class="citation news cs1">Adam Mansbach (May 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2009/05/24/the_ascent_of_hip_hop/">"The ascent of hip-hop: A historical, cultural, and aesthetic study of b-boying (book review of Joseph Schloss' "Foundation")"</a>. <i>The Boston Globe</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+ascent+of+hip-hop%3A+A+historical%2C+cultural%2C+and+aesthetic+study+of+b-boying+%28book+review+of+Joseph+Schloss%27+%22Foundation%22%29&rft.date=2009-05-24&rft.au=Adam+Mansbach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fae%2Fbooks%2Farticles%2F2009%2F05%2F24%2Fthe_ascent_of_hip_hop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Paul, 2009, <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Rap" title="How to Rap">How to Rap</a>: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC</i>, Chicago Review Press, p. 302</span>
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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Paul, 2009, <i>How to Rap: The Art & Science of the Hip-Hop MC</i>, Chicago Review Press, p. 293.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSpot" class="citation web cs1">Spot, The Bboy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebboyspot.com/history-of-the-word-breakdancing-by-crazy-legs">"History of the word "Breakdancing" by Crazy Legs"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+word+%22Breakdancing%22+by+Crazy+Legs&rft.aulast=Spot&rft.aufirst=The+Bboy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebboyspot.com%2Fhistory-of-the-word-breakdancing-by-crazy-legs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_FormanMark_Anthony_Neal2004" class="citation book cs1">Murray Forman; Mark Anthony Neal, eds. (September 16, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203642191/joint-mark-anthony-neal-murray-forman"><i>That's the Joint!: The Hip-Hop Studies Reader</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203642191">10.4324/9780203642191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-64219-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-64219-1"><bdi>978-0-203-64219-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That%27s+the+Joint%21%3A+The+Hip-Hop+Studies+Reader&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-09-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203642191&rft.isbn=978-0-203-64219-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fbooks%2Fmono%2F10.4324%2F9780203642191%2Fjoint-mark-anthony-neal-murray-forman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Macgregor-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Macgregor_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMacgregor1867" class="citation book cs1">Macgregor, J. (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.72776/page/123/mode/2up"><i>The Rob Roy on the Baltic: A Canoe Cruise through Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Sleswig, Holste, the Northe Sea and the Baltic, with numerous illustrations, Maps and Music</i></a>. Sampson Low, Son and Marston (London). p. 123<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rob+Roy+on+the+Baltic%3A+A+Canoe+Cruise+through+Norway%2C+Sweden%2C+Denmark%2C+Sleswig%2C+Holste%2C+the+Northe+Sea+and+the+Baltic%2C+with+numerous+illustrations%2C+Maps+and+Music&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Sampson+Low%2C+Son+and+Marston+%28London%29&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Macgregor&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.granth.72776%2Fpage%2F123%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4-rU28Jc3JU"><i>The Pickaninny Dance</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(MP4)</span> (MP4). Edison Manufacturing Company. October 6, 1894. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/4-rU28Jc3JU">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Pickaninny+Dance&rft.pub=Edison+Manufacturing+Company.&rft.date=1894-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4-rU28Jc3JU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIdC09KYlJU"><i>Celebratory Dancing, Kaduna, Northern Nigeria, 1959. Archive film 98275</i></a>. Nigeria: Huntley Film Archives. 1959. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/IIdC09KYlJU">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebratory+Dancing%2C+Kaduna%2C+Northern+Nigeria%2C+1959.+Archive+film+98275&rft.place=Nigeria&rft.pub=Huntley+Film+Archives&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DIIdC09KYlJU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121005093506/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hip-hop-is-born-at-a-birthday-party-in-the-bronx">"Hip Hop is born at a birthday party in the Bronx — History.com This Day in History — 8/11/1973"</a>. October 5, 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hip-hop-is-born-at-a-birthday-party-in-the-bronx">the original</a> on October 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 13,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hip+Hop+is+born+at+a+birthday+party+in+the+Bronx+%E2%80%94+History.com+This+Day+in+History+%E2%80%94+8%2F11%2F1973&rft.date=2012-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fhip-hop-is-born-at-a-birthday-party-in-the-bronx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-csws-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-csws_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csws_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csws_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-csws_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChang2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Chang_(journalist)" title="Jeff Chang (journalist)">Chang, Jeff</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cantstopwontstop00chang"><i>Can't Stop Won't Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation</i></a></span>. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can%27t+Stop+Won%27t+Stop%3A+A+History+of+the+Hip-Hop+Generation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcantstopwontstop00chang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-jstor.org-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jstor.org_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ2011" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Imani Kai; ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮﻥ, ﺇﻳﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺎﻱ (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23216052">"B-Boying and Battling in a Global Context: The Discursive Life of Difference in Hip Hop Dance / ﺍﻟﺮﻗﺺ ﺑﻮﺻﻔﻪ ﺻﺮﺍﻋﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻌﻮﻟﻤﻲ: ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﺎﺑﻴﺔ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﻲ ﺭﻗﺺ ﺍﻟﻬﻴﺐ ﻫﻮﺏ"</a>. <i>Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics</i> (31): 173–195. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1110-8673">1110-8673</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23216052">23216052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alif%3A+Journal+of+Comparative+Poetics&rft.atitle=B-Boying+and+Battling+in+a+Global+Context%3A+The+Discursive+Life+of+Difference+in+Hip+Hop+Dance+%2F+%EF%BA%8D%EF%BB%9F%EF%BA%AE%EF%BB%97%EF%BA%BA+%EF%BA%91%EF%BB%AE%EF%BA%BB%EF%BB%94%EF%BB%AA+%EF%BA%BB%EF%BA%AE%EF%BA%8D%EF%BB%8B%EF%BA%8E%D9%8B+%EF%BB%93%EF%BB%B2+%EF%BA%8D%EF%BB%9F%EF%BA%B4%EF%BB%B4%EF%BA%8E%EF%BB%95+%EF%BA%8D%EF%BB%9F%EF%BB%8C%EF%BB%AE%EF%BB%9F%EF%BB%A4%EF%BB%B2%3A+%EF%BA%8D%EF%BB%9F%EF%BA%A4%EF%BB%B4%EF%BA%8E%EF%BA%93+%EF%BA%8D%EF%BB%9F%EF%BA%A8%EF%BB%84%EF%BA%8E%EF%BA%91%EF%BB%B4%EF%BA%94+%EF%BB%9F%EF%BB%BC%EF%BA%A7%EF%BA%98%EF%BB%BC%EF%BB%91+%EF%BB%93%EF%BB%B2+%EF%BA%AD%EF%BB%97%EF%BA%BA+%EF%BA%8D%EF%BB%9F%EF%BB%AC%EF%BB%B4%EF%BA%90+%EF%BB%AB%EF%BB%AE%EF%BA%8F&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=173-195&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23216052%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1110-8673&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Imani+Kai&rft.au=%EF%BA%9F%EF%BB%AE%EF%BB%A7%EF%BA%B4%EF%BB%AE%EF%BB%A5%2C+%EF%BA%87%EF%BB%B3%EF%BB%A4%EF%BA%8E%EF%BB%A7%EF%BB%B2+%EF%BB%9B%EF%BA%8E%EF%BB%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23216052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Schloss_2006_411–432-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schloss_2006_411–432_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schloss_2006_411–432_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schloss_2006_411–432_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schloss_2006_411–432_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSchloss2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schloss, Joseph G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174468">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Like Old Folk Songs Handed Down from Generation to Generation": History, Canon, and Community in B-Boy Culture"</a>. <i>Ethnomusicology</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 411–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20174468">10.2307/20174468</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0014-1836">0014-1836</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174468">20174468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnomusicology&rft.atitle=%22Like+Old+Folk+Songs+Handed+Down+from+Generation+to+Generation%22%3A+History%2C+Canon%2C+and+Community+in+B-Boy+Culture&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=411-432&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0014-1836&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20174468%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20174468&rft.aulast=Schloss&rft.aufirst=Joseph+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20174468&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCoudntpickname2007" class="citation web cs1">Coudntpickname (January 1, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gapNNMWM82k">"Bboy/Bgirl Foundations: Toprock"</a>. YouTube. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gapNNMWM82k">Archived</a> from the original on December 21, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bboy%2FBgirl+Foundations%3A+Toprock&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.au=Coudntpickname&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DgapNNMWM82k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-toledo-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toledo_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toledo_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toledo_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toledo_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toledo_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2011" class="citation web cs1">Jenkins, Greg (April 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510210159/http://www.werclassic.com/en-US/articles/11-04-01/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_s_Original_B-Boy.aspx">"São Paulo's Original B-Boy"</a>. <i>WeRClassic.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.werclassic.com/en-US/articles/11-04-01/São_Paulo_s_Original_B-Boy.aspx">the original</a> on May 10, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WeRClassic.com&rft.atitle=S%C3%A3o+Paulo%27s+Original+B-Boy&rft.date=2011-04-01&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.werclassic.com%2Fen-US%2Farticles%2F11-04-01%2FS%C3%A3o_Paulo_s_Original_B-Boy.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer2012" class="citation news cs1">Dwyer, Alex (February 19, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/editorials/id.1857/title.samsonite-man-breaking-the-cycle-with-cambodia-crips-education">"Samsonite Man: Breaking The Cycle With Cambodia, Crips & Education"</a>. <i>HipHopDX.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011092048/http://www.hiphopdx.com/index/editorials/id.1857/title.samsonite-man-breaking-the-cycle-with-cambodia-crips-education/">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HipHopDX.com&rft.atitle=Samsonite+Man%3A+Breaking+The+Cycle+With+Cambodia%2C+Crips+%26+Education&rft.date=2012-02-19&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hiphopdx.com%2Findex%2Feditorials%2Fid.1857%2Ftitle.samsonite-man-breaking-the-cycle-with-cambodia-crips-education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tinytoones.org/about/history/">"History"</a>. <i>TinyToones.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120711132545/http://www.tinytoones.org/about/history/">Archived</a> from the original on July 11, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TinyToones.org&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tinytoones.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMeghelli2012" class="citation book cs1">Meghelli, Samir (2012). <i>Between New York and Paris: Hip Hop and the Transnational Politics of Race, Culture, and Citizenship</i>. New York, NY: Ph.D. Dissertation, Columbia University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+New+York+and+Paris%3A+Hip+Hop+and+the+Transnational+Politics+of+Race%2C+Culture%2C+and+Citizenship&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Ph.D.+Dissertation%2C+Columbia+University&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Meghelli&rft.aufirst=Samir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-jhop-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jhop_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jhop_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFCondry" class="citation web cs1">Condry, Ian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110422085327/http://web.mit.edu/condry/www/jhh/">"Japanese Hip-Hop"</a>. <i>mit.edu</i>. MIT. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/condry/www/jhh/">the original</a> on April 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mit.edu&rft.atitle=Japanese+Hip-Hop&rft.aulast=Condry&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fcondry%2Fwww%2Fjhh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRivera2022" class="citation news cs1">Rivera, Selene (November 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2022-11-10/the-paramount-boyle-heights-music-venue-frank-acevedo">"An immigrant's dream makes an iconic Boyle Heights music venue flow with 'body rhythm'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=An+immigrant%27s+dream+makes+an+iconic+Boyle+Heights+music+venue+flow+with+%27body+rhythm%27&rft.date=2022-11-10&rft.aulast=Rivera&rft.aufirst=Selene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment-arts%2Fstory%2F2022-11-10%2Fthe-paramount-boyle-heights-music-venue-frank-acevedo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-DOZADO-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DOZADO_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOZADO_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DOZADO_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dozado.ru/30-let-pervoy-volni-breakdance-ussr-1986-2016/">"30-летие первой волны брейкданса в СССР (1986–2016)"</a>. DOZADO. January 5, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=30-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%281986%E2%80%932016%29&rft.pub=DOZADO&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdozado.ru%2F30-let-pervoy-volni-breakdance-ussr-1986-2016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427112029/https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2013/09/where-are-the-break-dancers-in-china/">"Growing presence of B-boys and B-girls in China is slowly emerging to the dance world"</a>. <i>The World of Chinese</i>. September 17, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theworldofchinese.com/2013/09/where-are-the-break-dancers-in-china/">the original</a> on April 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+of+Chinese&rft.atitle=Growing+presence+of+B-boys+and+B-girls+in+China+is+slowly+emerging+to+the+dance+world.&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theworldofchinese.com%2F2013%2F09%2Fwhere-are-the-break-dancers-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChang2006" class="citation book cs1">Chang, Jeff (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totalchaosartaes00chan"><i>Total Chaos: The Art and Aesthetics of Hip-Hop</i></a></span>. New York City: BasicCivitas. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/totalchaosartaes00chan/page/20">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-00909-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-00909-3"><bdi>0-465-00909-3</bdi></a>. <q>The transition between top and floor rockin' was also important and became known as the 'drop'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Total+Chaos%3A+The+Art+and+Aesthetics+of+Hip-Hop&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=BasicCivitas&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-465-00909-3&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftotalchaosartaes00chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLyons2012" class="citation web cs1">Lyons, Jacob "Kujo" (February 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206072823/http://bboymagazine.com/2012/02/krazy-kujo-interview/">"Krazy Kujo Interview"</a>. <i>B-Boy Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bboymagazine.com/2012/02/krazy-kujo-interview/">the original</a> on December 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=B-Boy+Magazine&rft.atitle=Krazy+Kujo+Interview&rft.date=2012-02-15&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Jacob+%22Kujo%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbboymagazine.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fkrazy-kujo-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Luis "Alien Ness" Martinez (Interviewee) (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/3821378"><i>Alien Ness's TOP 5 THINGS HE HATES IN BREAKIN</i></a>. Mane One. Event occurs at 3:00<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alien+Ness%27s+TOP+5+THINGS+HE+HATES+IN+BREAKIN&rft.pub=Mane+One&rft.date=2009-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F3821378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Francois Marchand, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vancouversun.com/news/Breaking+down+Apache+with+video/9172364/story.html">"Breaking down Apache (with video): New film Sample This examines 'national anthem of hip-hop' recorded in Vancouver"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629022319/http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Breaking+down+Apache+with+video/9172364/story.html">Archived</a> June 29, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Sun" title="Vancouver Sun">Vancouver Sun</a></i>, December 19, 2019.</span>
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<li id="cite_note-about-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110925173701/http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/about.html">"History"</a>. <i>BraunBattleoftheYear.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/about.html">the original</a> on September 25, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BraunBattleoftheYear.com&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braunbattleoftheyear.com%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724060350/http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/news/news/date/2012/05/21/meeting-the-dream-team.html">"Meeting the Dream Team"</a>. <i>BraunBattleOfTheYear.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braunbattleoftheyear.com/news/news/date/2012/05/21/meeting-the-dream-team.html">the original</a> on July 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BraunBattleOfTheYear.com&rft.atitle=Meeting+the+Dream+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braunbattleoftheyear.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fdate%2F2012%2F05%2F21%2Fmeeting-the-dream-team.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-asiamerica-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asiamerica_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asiamerica_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFChang2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Chang_(journalist)" title="Jeff Chang (journalist)">Chang, Jeff</a> (June 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salon.com/ent/feature/2008/06/26/korean_hiphop/index.html">"So you think they can break-dance?"</a>. <i>Salon.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161429/http://www.salon.com/entertainment/feature/2008/06/26/korean_hiphop/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon.com&rft.atitle=So+you+think+they+can+break-dance%3F&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2Fent%2Ffeature%2F2008%2F06%2F26%2Fkorean_hiphop%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-ktour-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ktour_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_2_1.jsp?cid=293322">"R-16 Korea Sparkling, Seoul"</a>. <i>VisitKorea.or.kr</i>. July 30, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111110038/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_2_1.jsp?cid=293322">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VisitKorea.or.kr&rft.atitle=R-16+Korea+Sparkling%2C+Seoul&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.visitkorea.or.kr%2Fenu%2FSI%2FSI_EN_3_2_1.jsp%3Fcid%3D293322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.r16korea.com/xe/blog_2011_en/5942">"The Blessings from New York City for a New Judging System for Bboy Battles"</a>. <i>R16Korea.com</i>. June 23, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903140616/http://www.r16korea.com/xe/blog_2011_en/5942">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R16Korea.com&rft.atitle=The+Blessings+from+New+York+City+for+a+New+Judging+System+for+Bboy+Battles&rft.date=2011-06-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.r16korea.com%2Fxe%2Fblog_2011_en%2F5942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourbboys.com/our-system">"O.U.R. System"</a>. <i>OurBBoys.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604073852/http://ourbboys.com/our-system">Archived</a> from the original on June 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OurBBoys.com&rft.atitle=O.U.R.+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fourbboys.com%2Four-system&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.olympic.org/news/three-new-sports-to-join-buenos-aires-2018-yog-programme">"Three new sports to join Buenos Aires 2018 YOG programme"</a>. <i>Olympic.org – Official website of the Olympic Movement</i>. January 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olympic.org+%E2%80%93+Official+website+of+the+Olympic+Movement&rft.atitle=Three+new+sports+to+join+Buenos+Aires+2018+YOG+programme&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fnews%2Fthree-new-sports-to-join-buenos-aires-2018-yog-programme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/12/07/sport/breakdancing-olympics-paris-2024-spt-intl/index.html">"Breakdancing to make its Olympic debut at Paris 2024"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. December 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Breakdancing+to+make+its+Olympic+debut+at+Paris+2024&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2020%2F12%2F07%2Fsport%2Fbreakdancing-olympics-paris-2024-spt-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redbull.com/us-en/theredbulletin/genesis-of-competitive-breaking">"Genesis of Competitive Breaking"</a>. <i>www.redbull.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.redbull.com&rft.atitle=Genesis+of+Competitive+Breaking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redbull.com%2Fus-en%2Ftheredbulletin%2Fgenesis-of-competitive-breaking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/sports/olympics/story/2020-12-07/breakdancing-2024-paris-olympics-surfing-skateboarding-climbing">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Breaking' news: Breakdancing added as an event for 2024 Paris Olympics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">LA Times</a></i>. December 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LA+Times&rft.atitle=%27Breaking%27+news%3A+Breakdancing+added+as+an+event+for+2024+Paris+Olympics&rft.date=2020-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fsports%2Folympics%2Fstory%2F2020-12-07%2Fbreakdancing-2024-paris-olympics-surfing-skateboarding-climbing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Guevara1996" class="citation book cs1">Nancy Guevara (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/droppinsciencecr0000unse/page/49">"Women Writin' Rappin' Breakin'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. In Perkins, William Eric (ed.). <i>Droppin' science : critical essays on rap music and hip hop culture</i>. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/droppinsciencecr0000unse/page/49">49–62</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-362-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-362-0"><bdi>1-56639-362-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+Writin%27+Rappin%27+Breakin%27&rft.btitle=Droppin%27+science+%3A+critical+essays+on+rap+music+and+hip+hop+culture&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=49-62&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-56639-362-0&rft.au=Nancy+Guevara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdroppinsciencecr0000unse%2Fpage%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFLa_Rocco2006" class="citation news cs1">La Rocco, Claudia (August 6, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/06/arts/dance/06laro.html">"A Breaking Battle Women Hope to Win"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Breaking+Battle+Women+Hope+to+Win&rft.date=2006-08-06&rft.aulast=La+Rocco&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F08%2F06%2Farts%2Fdance%2F06laro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalpalace.yuku.com/forum/viewtopic/id/10152">"Girl Power Dances to It's [sic] Own Groove"</a>. <i>Yuku.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yuku.com&rft.atitle=Girl+Power+Dances+to+It%27s+%5Bsic%5D+Own+Groove&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalpalace.yuku.com%2Fforum%2Fviewtopic%2Fid%2F10152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/leeds/features/living/breakdance/firefly.shtml">"Firefly aka female breaker"</a>. <i>BBC Living section</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Living+section&rft.atitle=Firefly+aka+female+breaker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fleeds%2Ffeatures%2Fliving%2Fbreakdance%2Ffirefly.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://license.icopyright.net/user/viewFreeUse.act?fuid=MjEyOTQ2Mw%3D%3D">"Women Get the Breaks"</a>. <i>The Independent: Independent News and Media</i>. March 18, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent%3A+Independent+News+and+Media&rft.atitle=Women+Get+the+Breaks&rft.date=2005-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flicense.icopyright.net%2Fuser%2FviewFreeUse.act%3Ffuid%3DMjEyOTQ2Mw%253D%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span>
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<li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAyanna" class="citation web cs1">Ayanna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysistahs.org/features/hiphop.htm">"The Exploitation of Women in Hip-Hop Culture"</a>. <i>MySistahs.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MySistahs.org&rft.atitle=The+Exploitation+of+Women+in+Hip-Hop+Culture&rft.au=Ayanna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysistahs.org%2Ffeatures%2Fhiphop.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFArce2005" class="citation news cs1">Arce, Rose (March 4, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2005/SHOWBIZ/Music/03/03/hip.hop/index.html">"Hip-Hop Portrayal of Women Protested"</a>. <i>CNN</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Hip-Hop+Portrayal+of+Women+Protested&rft.date=2005-03-04&rft.aulast=Arce&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2005%2FSHOWBIZ%2FMusic%2F03%2F03%2Fhip.hop%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd2005" class="citation web cs1">Shepherd, Julianne (June 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805180300/http://www.citypages.com/content/printVersion/15970/">"Hip Hop's Lone Ladies Call for Backup: The B-Girl Be Summit preaches strength in numbers"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypages.com/content/printVersion/15970">the original</a> on August 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hip+Hop%27s+Lone+Ladies+Call+for+Backup%3A+The+B-Girl+Be+Summit+preaches+strength+in+numbers&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Julianne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypages.com%2Fcontent%2FprintVersion%2F15970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Kawalik2018-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kawalik2018_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFKawalik2018" class="citation web cs1">Kawalik, Tracy (October 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bcone.redbull.com/en_INT/article/bc-one-2018-ami-winner-interview">"Meet Ami, The First Ever Red Bull BC One B-Girl World Champion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181029150638/https://bcone.redbull.com/en_INT/article/bc-one-2018-ami-winner-interview">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+Ami%2C+The+First+Ever+Red+Bull+BC+One+B-Girl+World+Champion&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft.aulast=Kawalik&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbcone.redbull.com%2Fen_INT%2Farticle%2Fbc-one-2018-ami-winner-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=609&aid=0000539332">"대표 그만둔 박재범, JTBC 비보이 예능 '쇼다운' 출연 확정"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%EB%8C%80%ED%91%9C+%EA%B7%B8%EB%A7%8C%EB%91%94+%EB%B0%95%EC%9E%AC%EB%B2%94%2C+JTBC+%EB%B9%84%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%B4+%EC%98%88%EB%8A%A5+%27%EC%87%BC%EB%8B%A4%EC%9A%B4%27+%EC%B6%9C%EC%97%B0+%ED%99%95%EC%A0%95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentertain.naver.com%2Fnow%2Fread%3Foid%3D609%26aid%3D0000539332&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530212438/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/jay-park-host-new-jtbc-breakdance-program-showdown-first-episode-airs-date-1047150">"Jay Park to host new JTBC breakdance program 'SHOWDOWN'; First episode airs on THIS date"</a>. March 16, 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/jay-park-host-new-jtbc-breakdance-program-showdown-first-episode-airs-date-1047150">the original</a> on May 30, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jay+Park+to+host+new+JTBC+breakdance+program+%27SHOWDOWN%27%3B+First+episode+airs+on+THIS+date&rft.date=2022-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinkvilla.com%2Fentertainment%2Fjay-park-host-new-jtbc-breakdance-program-showdown-first-episode-airs-date-1047150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kstationtv.com/2022/02/04/showdown-a-new-break-battle-show-with-the-participation-of-jay-park/?lang=en">"SHOWDOWN: A new "break" battle show, with the participation of JAY PARK"</a>. February 4, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SHOWDOWN%3A+A+new+%22break%22+battle+show%2C+with+the+participation+of+JAY+PARK&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkstationtv.com%2F2022%2F02%2F04%2Fshowdown-a-new-break-battle-show-with-the-participation-of-jay-park%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nicolaus-schmidt.com/nybp.html">"New York Breakdancing Project (in German) on the photographers web site"</a>. Nicolaus-schmidt.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+York+Breakdancing+Project+%28in+German%29+on+the+photographers+web+site&rft.pub=Nicolaus-schmidt.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nicolaus-schmidt.com%2Fnybp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artbook.com/9783866784536.html"><i>Announcement of the book for the US release</i></a>. Artbook.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Announcement+of+the+book+for+the+US+release&rft.pub=Artbook.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artbook.com%2F9783866784536.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mobygames.com/game/break-street">"Break Street for Commodore 64 (1984)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Break+Street+for+Commodore+64+%281984%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mobygames.com%2Fgame%2Fbreak-street&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002023436/http://www.psp411.com/show/product/1163/0/BBoy.html">"B-boy article"</a>. <i>psp411.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psp411.com/show/product/1163/0/BBoy.html">the original</a> on October 2, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=psp411.com&rft.atitle=B-boy+article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psp411.com%2Fshow%2Fproduct%2F1163%2F0%2FBBoy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/breakdance-champion-red-bull/id433860212?mt=8">"Breakdance Champion Red Bull BC One, iTunes App Store"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 25,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iTunes&rft.atitle=Breakdance+Champion+Red+Bull+BC+One%2C+iTunes+App+Store&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fapp%2Fbreakdance-champion-red-bull%2Fid433860212%3Fmt%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floorkids.com/">"Floor Kids"</a>. <i>www.floorkids.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.floorkids.com&rft.atitle=Floor+Kids&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.floorkids.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destructoid.com/review-floor-kids-479896.phtml">"Review: Floor Kids"</a>. <i>destructoid</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=destructoid&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Floor+Kids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destructoid.com%2Freview-floor-kids-479896.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPlunkett" class="citation news cs1">Plunkett, Luke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kotaku.com/floor-kids-the-breakdancing-game-for-the-switch-has-s-1823244643">"Floor Kids, the breakdancing game for the Switch, has some A++++ music by Kid Koala. Who is not only"</a>. <i>Kotaku</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kotaku&rft.atitle=Floor+Kids%2C+the+breakdancing+game+for+the+Switch%2C+has+some+A%2B%2B%2B%2B+music+by+Kid+Koala.+Who+is+not+only&rft.aulast=Plunkett&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkotaku.com%2Ffloor-kids-the-breakdancing-game-for-the-switch-has-s-1823244643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1054258005">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin" style="">
<ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Hager1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Hager" title="Steven Hager">Steven Hager</a> (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hiphopillustrate00hage"><i>Hip Hop: The Illustrated History of Break Dancing, Rap Music, and Graffiti</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37317-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37317-7"><bdi>978-0-312-37317-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hip+Hop%3A+The+Illustrated+History+of+Break+Dancing%2C+Rap+Music%2C+and+Graffiti&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-312-37317-7&rft.au=Steven+Hager&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhiphopillustrate00hage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABreakdancing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breakdancing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Breakdance" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Breakdance">B-boying</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613235057/http://www.globaldarkness.com/articles/history%20of%20breaking.htm">History of B-boying</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thebboyspot.com/">B-boy community and news outlet</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bboyworld.com/">B-boying media source</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hiphoparea.com/breakdance/what-does-it-mean-to-be-a-b-boy.html">Breakdance: What does it mean to be a B-Boy</a></li></ul>
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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African-American_dance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1063604349">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African-American_dance" title="Template:African-American dance"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African-American_dance" title="Template talk:African-American dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African-American_dance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African-American dance"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African-American_dance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">African-American dance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Ailey_American_Dance_Theater" title="Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater">Alvin Ailey American Dance Theater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Negro_Ballet_Company" title="American Negro Ballet Company">American Negro Ballet Company</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Buck_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Buck dance">Buck dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cakewalk" title="Cakewalk">Cakewalk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_stepping" title="Chicago stepping">Chicago stepping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_for_eels" title="Dancing for eels">Dancing for eels</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Get_down" title="Get down">Get down</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop dance">Hip-hop dance</a>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breakdancing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Locking_(dance)" title="Locking (dance)">Locking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_(freestyle_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogaloo (freestyle dance)">Boogaloo</a></li>
<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strutting&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strutting (page does not exist)">Strutting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">Popping</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Juba_dance" title="Juba dance">Juba dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Set_de_flo%27" title="Set de flo'">Set de flo'</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slow_drag_(dance)" title="Slow drag (dance)">Slow drag</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_(African-American)" title="Stepping (African-American)">Stepping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stick_dance_(African-American)" title="Stick dance (African-American)">Stick dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tap_dance" title="Tap dance">Tap dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(dance)" title="Vogue (dance)">Vogue</a></li></ul>
</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_(V)_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="..."><img alt="..." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_%28V%29_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/69px-William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_%28V%29_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_%28V%29_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/104px-William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_%28V%29_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_%28V%29_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/138px-William_H._Johnson_-_Jitterbugs_%28V%29_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="B-boying" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:B-boying" title="Template:B-boying"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:B-boying" title="Template talk:B-boying"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:B-boying" title="Special:EditPage/Template:B-boying"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="B-boying" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">B-boying</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of breakdance moves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_(b-boy_move)" title="2000 (b-boy move)">2000</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/6-step" title="6-step">6-step</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drop_(b-boy_move)" title="Drop (b-boy move)">Drop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flare_(acrobatic_move)" title="Flare (acrobatic move)">Flare</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Float_(b-boy_move)" title="Float (b-boy move)">Float</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_(b-boy_move)" title="Freeze (b-boy move)">Freeze</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kick_(b-boy_move)" title="Kick (b-boy move)">Kick</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(b-boy_move)" title="Spin (b-boy move)">Spin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_(b-boy_move)" title="Suicide (b-boy move)">Suicide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swipe_(b-boy_move)" title="Swipe (b-boy move)">Swipe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_(b-boy_move)" title="Windmill (b-boy move)">Windmill</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related dances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_dance" title="House dance">House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Locking_(dance)" title="Locking (dance)">Locking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">Popping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robot_(dance)" title="Robot (dance)">Robot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tecktonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecktonik">Tecktonik</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uprock" title="Uprock">Uprock</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hip_hop" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hip_hop" title="Template:Hip hop"><abbr title="View this template" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hip_hop" title="Template talk:Hip hop"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hip_hop" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hip hop"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hip_hop" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Hip hop</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><div>
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Breaking</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">DJing</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Graffiti</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emceeing" class="mw-redirect" title="Emceeing"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Emceeing</span></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beatboxing" title="Beatboxing"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Beatboxing</span></a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rap" title="Battle rap">Battle rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop dance">Dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_fashion" title="Hip hop fashion">Fashion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_activism" title="Hip hop activism">Activism</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Feminism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Feminist activism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT hip hop">LGBT</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_festivals" title="List of hip hop festivals">Festivals</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_production" title="Hip hop production">Production</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_theater" title="Hip-hop theater">Theater</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres">Genres</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five-Percent Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Zulu_Nation" title="Universal Zulu Nation">Universal Zulu Nation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" title="Old-school hip hop">Old-school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New-school_hip_hop" title="New-school hip hop">New school</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_hip_hop" title="Golden age hip hop">Golden age</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_underground_scene" title="Bristol underground scene">Bristol underground scene</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Subgenres</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">General</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_hip_hop" title="Alternative hip hop">Alternative</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hipster_hop" title="Hipster hop">Hipster hop</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boom_bap" title="Boom bap">Boom bap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_music" title="Bounce music">Bounce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Road_rap" title="UK rap">Road rap</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chipmunk_soul" title="Chipmunk soul">Chipmunk soul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(rap)" title="Chopper (rap)">Chopper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_rap" title="Cloud rap">Cloud rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Comedy_hip_hop" title="Comedy hip hop">Comedy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crunkcore" title="Crunkcore">Crunkcore</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_rap" title="Freestyle rap">Freestyle rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin%27" title="Jerkin'">Jerkin'</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental hip hop">Instrumental</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Latin</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_rap" title="Chicano rap">Chicano rap</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lofi_hip_hop" title="Lofi hip hop">Lofi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami bass</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mumble_rap" title="Mumble rap">Mumble rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nerdcore" title="Nerdcore">Nerdcore</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chap_hop" title="Chap hop">Chap hop</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop" title="Political hip hop">Political</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_hip_hop#Conscious_hip_hop" title="Political hip hop">Conscious</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rap" title="Progressive rap">Progressive rap</a></li>
<li>Religious
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_hip_hop" title="Christian hip hop">Christian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hip_hop" title="Jewish hip hop">Jewish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Underground_hip_hop" title="Underground hip hop">Underground</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Hardcore_hip_hop" title="Hardcore hip hop"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Hardcore</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_rap" title="Dirty rap">Dirty rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Gangsta rap</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_rap#Mafioso_rap" title="Gangsta rap">Mafioso rap</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/G-funk" title="G-funk">G-funk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Horrorcore" title="Horrorcore">Horrorcore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis rap</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Trap music</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrobeats#Afro_trap" title="Afrobeats">Afro trap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Brooklyn drill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_club#Jersey_club_rap" title="Jersey club">Jersey drill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_drill#Sample_drill" title="Brooklyn drill">Sample drill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UK_drill" title="UK drill">UK drill</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_trap" title="Latin trap">Latin trap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phonk" title="Phonk">Phonk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Plugg_music" title="Plugg music">Plugg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rage_(music_genre)" title="Rage (music genre)">Rage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Working_on_Dying#Tread_style" title="Working on Dying">Tread</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap#Trap_scene" title="UK rap">UK trap</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Fusion_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Fusion genres</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Fusion_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">General</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Country_rap" title="Country rap">Country rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emo_rap" title="Emo rap">Emo rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_soul" title="Hip hop soul">Hip hop soul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_house" title="Hip house">Hip house</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_hip_hop" title="Industrial hip hop">Industrial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_rap" title="Jazz rap">Jazz rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pop_rap" title="Pop rap">Pop rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_rap" title="Psychedelic rap">Psychedelic rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Punk_rap" title="Punk rap">Punk rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ragga#Ragga_and_hip_hop_music" title="Ragga">Ragga</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rap_opera" title="Rap opera">Rap opera</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rap_rock" title="Rap rock">Rap rock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hop" title="Trip hop">Trip hop</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal" title="Rap metal"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Rap metal</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rap_metal#Trap_metal" title="Rap metal">Trap metal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nu_metal" title="Nu metal">Nu metal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Ethnic_fusion_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Regional</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_flava" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongo flava">Bongo flava</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boomba_music" title="Boomba music">Boomba music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cumbia_rap" title="Cumbia rap">Cumbia rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Genge" title="Genge">Genge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_galsen" title="Hip hop galsen">Hip hop galsen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hipco" title="Hipco">Hipco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hiplife" title="Hiplife">Hiplife</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_rap" title="Igbo rap">Igbo rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Low_bap" title="Low bap">Low bap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Motswako" title="Motswako">Motswako</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Na_mele_paleoleo" class="mw-redirect" title="Na mele paleoleo">Na mele paleoleo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nuyorican_rap" title="Nuyorican rap">Nuyorican rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romany_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany hip hop">Romany hip hop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Songo-salsa" title="Songo-salsa">Songo-salsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stronda" title="Stronda">Stronda</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Urban_Pasifika" title="Urban Pasifika">Urban Pasifika</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vigilante_rap" title="Vigilante rap">Vigilante rap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zenji_flava" title="Zenji flava">Zenji flava</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hip_hop_genres#Derived_genres" title="List of hip hop genres"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Derivatives</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_electronic_music_genres" title="List of electronic music genres"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Electronic</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breakbeat" title="Breakbeat">Breakbeat</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore club</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Florida_breaks" title="Florida breaks">Florida breaks</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_house" title="Ghetto house">Ghetto house</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghettotech" title="Ghettotech">Ghettotech</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glitch_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitch hop">Glitch hop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grime_music" title="Grime music">Grime</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Illbient" title="Illbient">Illbient</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wonky_(genre)" title="Wonky (genre)">Wonky</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funk_carioca" title="Funk carioca">Funk carioca</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reggaeton" title="Reggaeton">Reggaeton</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_reggaeton" title="Alternative reggaeton">Alternative reggaeton</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hip_hop_by_country" title="Category:Hip hop by country"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Regional scenes</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/African_hip_hop" title="African hip hop"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">African</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_hip_hop" title="Algerian hip hop">Algerian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Angolan hip hop">Angolan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_hip_hop" title="Beninese hip hop">Beninese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Botswana hip hop">Botswana</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_hip_hop" title="Gambian hip hop">Gambian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian hip hop">Ghanaian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_hip_hop" title="Ivorian hip hop">Ivorian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_hip_hop" title="Kenyan hip hop">Kenyan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_hip_hop" title="Malawian hip hop">Malawian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauritian hip hop">Mauritian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_hip_hop" title="Moroccan hip hop">Moroccan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian hip hop">Namibian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian hip hop">Nigerian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Harcourt hip hop">Port Harcourt</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nigerien_hip_hop" title="Nigerien hip hop">Nigerien</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_hip_hop" title="Senegalese hip hop">Senegalese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_African_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="South African hip hop">South African</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_hip_hop" title="Tanzanian hip hop">Tanzanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_hip_hop" title="Togolese hip hop">Togolese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambian hip hop">Zambian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_hip_hop" title="Zimbabwean hip hop">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Asian_hip_hop" title="Asian hip hop"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Asian</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Armenia#Hip_hop" title="Music of Armenia">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_hip_hop" title="Azerbaijani hip hop">Azerbaijani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_hip_hop" title="Bangladeshi hip hop">Bangladeshi</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_hip_hop" title="Burmese hip hop">Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hip_hop" title="Chinese hip hop">Chinese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hip_hop" title="Indian hip hop">Indian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desi_hip_hop" title="Desi hip hop">Desi</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_hip_hop" title="Indonesian hip hop">Indonesian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_hip_hop" title="Japanese hip hop">Japanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_hip_hop" title="Korean hip hop">Korean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_hip_hop" title="Malaysian hip hop">Malaysian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_hip_hop" title="Mongolian hip hop">Mongolian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_hip_hop" title="Nepalese hip hop">Nepalese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani hip hop">Pakistani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy_hip_hop" title="Pinoy hip hop">Philippine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_hip_hop" title="Singapore hip hop">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_hip_hop" title="Sri Lankan hip hop">Sri Lankan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hip_hop" title="Taiwanese hip hop">Taiwanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thai_hip_hop" title="Thai hip hop">Thai</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/European_hip_hop" title="European hip hop"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">European</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_hip_hop" title="Albanian hip hop">Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_hip_hop" title="Austrian hip hop">Austrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_hip_hop" title="Belgian hip hop">Belgian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_and_Herzegovinian_hip_hop" title="Bosnian and Herzegovinian hip hop">Bosnian and Herzegovinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/UK_rap" title="UK rap">British</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic hip hop">Celtic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_hip_hop" title="Scottish hip hop">Scottish</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_hip_hop" title="Bulgarian hip hop">Bulgarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_hip_hop" title="Croatian hip hop">Croatian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Czech_hip_hop" title="Czech hip hop">Czech</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_hip_hop" title="Dutch hip hop">Dutch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_hip_hop" title="Finnish hip hop">Finnish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/French_hip_hop" title="French hip hop">French</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/German_hip_hop" title="German hip hop">German</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_hip_hop" title="Greek hip hop">Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_tuga" title="Hip hop tuga">Portuguese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_hip_hop" title="Hungarian hip hop">Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic hip hop">Icelandic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_hip_hop" title="Irish hip hop">Irish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_hip_hop" title="Italian hip hop">Italian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_hip_hop" title="Macedonian hip hop">Macedonian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin hip hop">Montenegrin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian hip hop">Norwegian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_hip_hop" title="Polish hip hop">Polish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_hip_hop" title="Romanian hip hop">Romanian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romany_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Romany hip hop">Romany</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_hip_hop" title="Russian hip hop">Russian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_hip_hop" title="Serbian hip hop">Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_hip_hop" title="Slovak hip hop">Slovak</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_hip_hop" title="Slovenian hip hop">Slovenian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish hip hop">Spanish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_hip_hop" title="Swedish hip hop">Swedish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_hip_hop" title="Swiss hip hop">Swiss</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_hip_hop" title="Ukrainian hip hop">Ukrainian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_hip_hop" title="Middle Eastern hip hop"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Middle Eastern</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hip_hop" title="Egyptian hip hop">Egyptian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Iranian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_hip_hop" title="Israeli hip hop">Israeli</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_hip_hop" title="Lebanese hip hop">Lebanese</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_hip_hop" title="Palestinian hip hop">Palestinian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian hip hop">Saudi Arabian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian hip hop">Tunisian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_hip_hop" title="Turkish hip hop">Turkish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_hip_hop" title="Yemeni hip hop">Yemeni</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:North_American_hip_hop" title="Category:North American hip hop"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">North American</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist inline"><b>United States:</b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_hip_hop" title="East Coast hip hop">East Coast</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Jersey#Hip-Hop" title="Music of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_City#Hip_hop" title="Music of New York City">New York City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Philadelphia#Hip_hop,_R&B,_and_Nu_Soul" title="Music of Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Hip hop in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_hip_hop" title="Chicago hip hop">Chicago</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Detroit#Hip_hop" title="Music of Detroit">Detroit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Cities_hip_hop" title="Twin Cities hip hop">Minneapolis/St. Paul</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Omaha#Hip_hop" title="Music of Omaha">Omaha</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_hip_hop" title="Southern hip hop">Southern</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_hip_hop" title="Atlanta hip hop">Atlanta</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_rap" title="Memphis rap">Memphis</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Miami_bass" title="Miami bass">Miami</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_hip_hop" title="West Coast hip hop">West Coast</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music_in_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Hip hop music in the Pacific Northwest">Northwest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Hip_Hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Hip Hop">Alaska</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_hip_hop" title="Asian American hip hop">Asian American</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_hip_hop" title="Latin hip hop">Latin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_hip_hop" title="Native American hip hop">Native American</a></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="hlist inline" style="display:block"><b>Outside the US:</b>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_hip_hop" title="Canadian hip hop">Canadian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_hip_hop" title="Cuban hip hop">Cuban</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic#Hip_hop" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Dominican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_hip_hop" title="Haitian hip hop">Haitian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_hip_hop" title="Mexican hip hop">Mexican</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_hip_hop" title="Salvadoran hip hop">Salvadoran</a></li></ul>
</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_hip_hop" title="Category:Oceanian hip hop"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Oceanian</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_hip_hop" title="Australian hip hop">Australian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_hip_hop" title="New Zealand hip hop">New Zealand</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;;background: darkblue; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Category:South_American_hip_hop" title="Category:South American hip hop"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">South American</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_hip_hop" title="Brazilian hip hop">Brazilian</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia_hip_hop" title="Brasília hip hop">Brasília</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile#Hip_hop_and_rap" title="Music of Chile">Chilean</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Colombia#Colombian_urban_and_hip-hop_music" title="Music of Colombia">Colombian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: darkblue; color: white;;width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-Tune" title="Auto-Tune">Auto-Tune</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">Disc jockey</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/DJ_mixer" title="DJ mixer">DJ mixer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Record player</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turntablism" title="Turntablism">Turntablism</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_skit" title="Hip hop skit">Hip hop skit</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Video_vixen" title="Video vixen">Video vixen</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Partner_violence_in_hip_hop" title="Partner violence in hip hop">Partner violence in hip hop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_representations_in_hip_hop_music" title="LGBT representations in hip hop music">LGBT representations in hip hop music</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">Feminist activism in hip hop</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: darkblue; color: white;"><div>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Hip_hop" title="Category:Hip hop"><span style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Category</span></a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dance" title="Template:Dance"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dance" title="Template talk:Dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dance"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Dance</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_dance_articles" title="Index of dance articles">Index</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_dance" title="Outline of dance">Outline</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dances" title="List of dances">List of dances</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dancers" title="List of dancers">List of dancers</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Participation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solo_dance" title="Solo dance">Solo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Partner_dance" title="Partner dance">Partner</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Close_embrace" title="Close embrace">close embrace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Closed_position" title="Closed position">closed position</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Open_position" title="Open position">open position</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Slow_dance" title="Slow dance">slow dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Circle_dance" title="Circle dance">circle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contra_dance" title="Contra dance">contra</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Line_dance" title="Line dance">line</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Round_dance" title="Round dance">round</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">square</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_dance" title="Social dance">Social</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_dance" title="Ceremonial dance">Ceremonial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_dance" title="Competitive dance">Competitive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Concert_dance" title="Concert dance">Concert</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ecstatic_dance" title="Ecstatic dance">Ecstatic</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_dance" title="Erotic dance">Erotic</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Go_go_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Go go dance">Go go dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(dance)" title="Grinding (dance)">Grinding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hoochie_coochie" title="Hoochie coochie">Hoochie coochie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lap_dance" title="Lap dance">Lap dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Burlesque" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Burlesque">Neo-Burlesque</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pole_dance" title="Pole dance">Pole dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">Striptease</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Table_dance" title="Table dance">Table dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twerking" title="Twerking">Twerking</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_and_fad_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelty and fad dances">Novelty and fad</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_dance" title="Sacred dance">Sacred</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/War_dance" title="War dance">War</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_styles" title="List of dance styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acro_dance" title="Acro dance">Acro</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ballroom_dance" title="Ballroom dance">Ballroom</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formation_dance" title="Formation dance">formation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltz</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_(funk_dance)" title="Boogaloo (funk dance)">Boogaloo</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breaking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_dance" title="Contemporary dance">Contemporary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Country%E2%80%93western_dance" title="Country–western dance">Country–western</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flamenco" title="Flamenco">Flamenco</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop dance">Hip-hop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Historical_dance" title="Historical dance">Historical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_dance" title="Jazz dance">Jazz</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Latin_dance" title="Latin dance">Latin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyrical_dance" title="Lyrical dance">Lyrical</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Modern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_dance" title="Postmodern dance">Postmodern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tap_dance" title="Tap dance">Tap</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Two-step_(dance_move)" title="Two-step (dance move)">Two-step</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_technique" title="Category:Dance technique">Technique</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballet_technique" title="Ballet technique">Ballet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Choreography_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Choreography (dance)">Choreography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Connection_(dance)" title="Connection (dance)">Connection</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_theory" title="Dance theory">Dance theory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Graham_technique" title="Graham technique">Graham</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lead_and_follow" title="Lead and follow">Lead and follow</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_move" title="Dance move">Moves</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dance_moves" title="Glossary of dance moves">glossary</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Musicality" title="Musicality">Musicality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pointe_technique" title="Pointe technique">Pointe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pole_dance" title="Pole dance">Pole</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sequence_dance" title="Sequence dance">Sequence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spotting_(dance_technique)" title="Spotting (dance technique)">Spotting</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turnout_(ballet)" title="Turnout (ballet)">Turnout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turn_(dance_and_gymnastics)" title="Turn (dance and gymnastics)">Turns</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic,_regional,_and_folk_dances_by_origin" title="List of ethnic, regional, and folk dances by origin">Regional</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_national_dances" title="List of national dances">national<br />dances</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_dance" title="African dance">Africa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Albanian_dances" title="List of Albanian dances">Albania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arab_folk_dances" title="Arab folk dances">Arab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dance" title="Armenian dance">Armenia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk_dance" title="Assyrian folk dance">Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Australia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_folk_dance" title="Austrian folk dance">Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_dances" title="Azerbaijani dances">Azerbaijan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_traditional_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian traditional dance">Belarus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian dances">Bulgaria</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_dance" title="Burmese dance">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cambodia" title="Dance in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Cameroon" title="Dance in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Canada" title="Dance in Canada">Canada</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">China</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian dances">Croatia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_from_Cuba" title="Dance from Cuba">Cuba</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Danish_folk_dance" title="Danish folk dance">Denmark</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/European_dances" title="European dances">Europe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_chain_dance" title="Faroese chain dance">Faroe Islands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dance" title="Georgian dance">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Greece</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Hungary</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_India" title="Dance in India">India</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Indonesia" title="Dance in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dances_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Dances in Iran">Iran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Ireland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_folk_dancing" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli folk dancing">Israel</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Italy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_traditional_dance" title="Japanese traditional dance">Japan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dance" title="Korean dance">Korea</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_dance" title="Kurdish dance">Kurdish</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Malaysia" title="Dance in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk dance of Mexico">Mexico</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Middle East</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Nepal" title="Dance in Nepal">Nepal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_folk_dance" title="Dutch folk dance">Netherlands</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Nicaragua" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Peruvian dances">Peru</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine dance">Philippines</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Polish_folk_dances" title="Polish folk dances">Poland</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_folk_dance" title="Pontic Greek folk dance">Pontic Greek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Romani_dance" title="Romani dance">Romani</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russian_folk_dance" title="Russian folk dance">Russia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dances" title="Serbian dances">Serbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Singapore" title="Dance in Singapore">Singapore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Dance in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Thailand" title="Dance in Thailand">Thailand</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Turkey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_dance" title="Ukrainian dance">Ukraine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">United States</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_dance" title="African-American dance">African-American</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Uzbekistan" title="Dance in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Venezuela" title="Dance in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Vietnamese dance">Vietnam</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Dance of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Zimbabwe" title="Dance in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance" title="Category:Dance">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physically_integrated_dance" title="Physically integrated dance">Dance and disability</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_and_health" title="Dance and health">Dance and health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_awards" title="List of dance awards">Dance awards</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_costume" title="Dance costume">Dance costume</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_etiquette" title="Dance etiquette">Dance etiquette</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">Dance notation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_film" title="Dance in film">Dance in film</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_mythology_and_religion" title="Dance in mythology and religion">Dance in mythology and religion</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance_occupations" title="List of dance occupations">Dance occupations</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_on_television" title="Dance on television">Dance on television</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_research" title="Dance research">Dance research</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_science" title="Dance science">Dance science</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_technology" title="Dance technology">Dance technology</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dance_troupe" title="Dance troupe">Dance troupe</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dancing_mania" title="Dancing mania">Dancing mania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_dance" title="History of dance">History of dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Women in dance</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Street_dance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Street_dance" title="Template:Street dance"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Street_dance" title="Template talk:Street dance"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Street_dance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Street dance"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Street_dance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Street_dance" title="Street dance">Street dance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hip-hop_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop dance">Hip-hop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/2_Step_(song)" title="2 Step (song)">2 step</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breakdancing</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toprock" title="Toprock">Toprock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Downrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Downrock">Downrock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_(breakdance_move)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze (breakdance move)">Freezes</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Power_moves" class="mw-redirect" title="Power moves">Power moves</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo_(freestyle_dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogaloo (freestyle dance)">Boogaloo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage_Patch_(dance)" title="Cabbage Patch (dance)">Cabbage Patch</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Walk" title="Bird Walk">Bird Walk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Daddy" title="Cat Daddy">Cat Daddy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crank_That_(Soulja_Boy)" title="Crank That (Soulja Boy)">Crank That</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Crip_Walk" title="Crip Walk">Crip Walk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dab_(dance)" title="Dab (dance)">Dab</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dougie" title="Dougie">Dougie</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Electric_boogaloo_(dance)" title="Electric boogaloo (dance)">Electric boogaloo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gangsta_Walking" title="Gangsta Walking">Gangsta Walking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_shake_(dance)" title="Harlem shake (dance)">Harlem shake</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jerkin%27" title="Jerkin'">Jerkin'</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Krumping" title="Krumping">Krumping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lean_wit_It,_Rock_wit_It" title="Lean wit It, Rock wit It">Lean wit It, Rock wit It</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Locking_(dance)" title="Locking (dance)">Locking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Popping" title="Popping">Popping</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robot_(dance)" title="Robot (dance)">Robot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Running_man_(dance)" title="Running man (dance)">Running man</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stanky_Legg" title="Stanky Legg">Stanky Legg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Twerking" title="Twerking">Twerking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Turfing" title="Turfing">Turfing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Uprock" title="Uprock">Uprock</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wop_(song)" title="Wop (song)">Wop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wu-tang_(dance)" title="Wu-tang (dance)">Wu-tang</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_dance" title="House dance">House dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(genre)" title="Footwork (genre)">Footwork</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hustle_(dance)" title="Hustle (dance)">Hustle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jacking" title="Jacking">Jacking</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vogue_(dance)" title="Vogue (dance)">Vogue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rave_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rave dance">Rave dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro_dance" title="Electro dance">Electro dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hakken" title="Hakken">Hakken</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hard_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard dance">Hard dance</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cybergoth#industrial_dance" title="Cybergoth">Industrial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jumpstyle" title="Jumpstyle">Jumpstyle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_and_digits" title="Liquid and digits">Liquid and digits</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_shuffle" title="Melbourne shuffle">Melbourne shuffle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Para_Para" title="Para Para">Para Para</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rebolation" title="Rebolation">Rebolation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wu-tang_(dance)" title="Wu-tang (dance)">Wu-tang</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Drum_and_bass#Dancing" title="Drum and bass">X-Outing</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trad_jazz" title="Trad jazz">Jazz dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cakewalk" title="Cakewalk">Cakewalk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_(dance)" title="Charleston (dance)">Charleston</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lindy_Hop" title="Lindy Hop">Lindy Hop</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Swing_(dance)" title="Swing (dance)">Swing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tap_dance" title="Tap dance">Tap dance</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Street_dance#List_of_street_dances" title="Street dance">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_guitar" title="Air guitar">Air guitar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Azonto" title="Azonto">Azonto</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Budots#Origins" title="Budots">Budots</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dancehall#Dancehall_dances" title="Dancehall">Dancehall dances</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Flexing_(dance)" title="Flexing (dance)">Flexing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clogging" title="Clogging">Clogging</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Headbanging" title="Headbanging">Headbanging</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(dance)" title="Grinding (dance)">Grinding</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moshing" title="Moshing">Moshing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Moonwalk_(dance)" title="Moonwalk (dance)">Moonwalk</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Novelty_and_fad_dances" class="mw-redirect" title="Novelty and fad dances">Novelty and fad dances</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pantsula" title="Pantsula">Pantsula</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pogo_(dance)" title="Pogo (dance)">Pogo</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Salsa_(dance)" title="Salsa (dance)">Salsa</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gwo_ka" title="Gwo ka">Gwoka</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tango" title="Tango">Tango</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Waacking" title="Waacking">Waacking</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169737#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Break dancing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119691205">France</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Break dancing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119691205">BnF data</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Breakdance"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4434550-1">Germany</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282645705171">Israel</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Break dancing"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85016666">United States</a></span></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="breakdance"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph774886&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1713892461' |